Greenwashing Case Essay

â…  .Introduction An appreciation for environmental protection has matured steadily in recent decades. With increasing concerns over the environment comes an increasing popularity of greenwashing. Consequently, companies whose actions do not match their environmentally-friendly promotions may mislead consumers in terms of the environmental benefits of a product or service. This essay explores possible reasons of the visible boom in greenwashing and claims that Nike, a sportswear and equipment supplier, deserves the accusation of greenwashing. â… ¡.Reasons for Greenwashing Clearly, the widespread popularity of greenwashing arises in the pursuance of reputation and sales. A recent survey conducted by Advertising Age indicates that 78% of customers prefer eco-friendly corporations to companies that are reckless with the environmental issue (Berkeley Media Studies Group 2008, p.2). The result of this survey serves as an incentive for companies to greenwash. Moreover, greenwashing definitely yields fruitful results for these companies. In a survey conducted by Landor Associates, BP, a corporation being accused of greenwashing, is considered to be more environmentally friendly than its counterparts, with its voters surpassing that of Shell by 6 per cent (Solman 2008, p.24). Most importantly, greenwashing helps BP promote sales from 2004($192 billion) to 2006($266 billion) (Solman 2008, p.24). With such a prime example of greenwashing, no wonder other companies follow in BP’s footsteps. â… ¢.Nike’s official claims Nike claims that it regards environmental protection and humane management as part of their corporate responsibility. Primarily, several claims are made regarding environmental content of its products. Nike claims that T-shirts it sells in the US contain 3 per cent organic cotton and 90 per cent of its shoes are free from toxic glues, cleaners and solvents (Beder 2002, p.25). On top of that, it asserts that it eliminates the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from its shoes (Beder 2002, p.27). Furthermore, it also advertises regarding good working conditions and happy workers in a Vietnamese factory (Beder 2002, p.25). â… £.Analysis of Claims It is doubtful whether Nike really produces clothes with 3 per cent organic cotton and 90 per cent of shoes are without toxic glues, cleaners and solvents. Rather than manufacturing its own products, Nike is only responsible for designing and marketing them and there is no supervision of the manufacturing process (Beder 2002, p.27). Furthermore, in order to promote credibility, Nike has the claim endorsed by United Nations. However, it turns out that United Nations do no monitoring of the claim made by Nike, either (Beder 2002, p.26). Consequently, Nike has no certification for this claim it makes. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the official claim regarding the environmental-friendly content in sportswear will be more than empty rhetoric. Due to the lack of valid evidence and certification, Nike’s claim considering the sportswear’s content commits the â€Å"sin of no proof† (TerraChoice 2007, p.8). Nike’s claim regarding PVC-free shoes may not be a true reflection of the fact. In a press conference, Soon after Nike’s repeated assurance regarding the PVC-free shoes, Greenpeace (a reliable organization against PVC) has claimed that Nike’s search for an alternative substitute for PVC have barely begun (Beder 2002, p.27). Given the fact that research has not lasted long, it is very unlikely that Nike is manufacturing shoes that are free from PVC, which makes this claim turn out to be a false claim. Nike commits the â€Å"sin of fibbing† (TerraChoice 2007, p.9) . Inconsistent with its advertisement, workers may not be so happy and contented in the Nike’s factory since Nike is definitely unkind to them. Nike is deceptive regarding comfortable working conditions. Specifically, in Vietnamese Nike plants, workers are exposed to carcinogens at 177 times safe levels and paid $10 for a 65-hour work per week (Beder 2002, p.27). Such differences between Nike’s claims and its behaviors are called bluewashing, which is categorized as one kind of greenwashing. Bluewashing refers to corporations that wrap themselves in the flag of human rights and labor rights, while their actions are quite otherwise (Corpwatch 2001, p.2). Furthermore, there is no uniform definition of happiness. Not only does the company misuse workers, it also makes a vague commitment because happiness is a feeling that varies from person to person. Such ambiguity proves that Nike commits the â€Å"sin of vagueness† (TerraChoice 2007, p.9). â… ¤.Counter-Arguments While Nike fails to realize certain official claims, it improves the environment and sustainability. Specifically, Nike claims that materials used in shoeboxes are 100% recycled and these shoeboxes weigh 10% less than those made up of non-recyclable paper (Stoner 2006, p.4). Nike helps alleviate deforestation by using recycled materials, thereby contributing to sustainable development and environmental protection. On the other hand, while Nike spends $1.13 billion on advertising and promoting the reputation of its products in 2003, it only donates $100,000 since 1998 to education programs for Nike workers. Compared with charity, it seems that much more funds are invested in advertising. The endeavor to greenwash far outweighs the effort to assume social responsibility. Hence, Nike is still greenwashing. â… ¥.Conclusion Overall, this paper reports that there are some reasons for companies to greenwash and even though Nike makes some effort to protect the environment, it has every reason to be accused of greenwashing. The reasons for most companies whose actions do not conform to their environmentally-friendly claims are simple: the pursuits of profits and goodwill. Despite Nike’s contribution towards environmental conservation and sustainability, several official claims regarding working conditions of employees and raw materials of products lack of evidence and clarity. Owing to the proliferation of greenwashing, customers should consider the environmental impact rather than advertising and packaging when shopping. â… ¦.References Beder S, 2002, ‘Putting the Boot In’, The Ecologist, April, pp. 24-28. Berkeley Media Studies Group, 2008, ‘Food Marketers Greenwash Junk Food’, Adweek, March, pp.1-3 CorpWatch, 2001, ‘Greenwash Fact Sheet’, CorpWatch, pp.1-2 Solman G, 2008, ‘Coloring Public Opinion?’, Adweek. January.14, pp22-24 Stoner C, 2006, ‘Corporate Greenings: Nike’, Peakinsight, pp. 1-13 TerraChoice Environmental Marketing Inc. 2007, ‘The Six Sins of Greenwashing’, November, pp.1-12

Why Is Listening the Most Difficult English Skill to Master

In the languages that exist in the world, English is the most used, but not for being the most used, is the easiest of all. For example, a person living in the United States don’t speak like one living in Europe, why?, because in every country there are different idioms that people speak, so why people from different countries, that speak English, don’t understand between them well?, the answer is because they listen in a different way what the other tell them. There are different ways to listen a person speech, but are all the ways correct or are wrong? perhaps this topic doesn’t have a correct or a wrong way to be developed, because every person have their own listening strategies to understand what others want to tell them. The challenges that every person have when listening are: 1.New vocabulary: because if you don’t know a word that someone tell you, and you cant relate it with another one, you get stuck, and you lose the rest of the idea because you stop thinking about that NEW word. 2.Accents / dialects: there’s a lot of difference speaking with a person of your same country, than speaking with a foreign person, why?, it’s so simple, because they have different accent or dialect, so they pronounce a lot different the words, so if they are saying a simple sentence, it becomes a difficult one, cause you won’t understand them quite well and there will be some troubles with the communication. 3.Speech speed: there’s a lot of difference between a person that speaks slow, than other one that speaks fast, even if you are used to listen a lot, it’s difficult to have a conversation with a person that speaks really fast. There are a lot of challenges that a person have when listening, but also there are a lot of strategies to understand better and get all the idea that the other person want to transmit like: 1.Repeat: always there will be an idea that you won’t understand, so is important that if you don’t get one thing, ask if they can repeat, so you can clarify that idea and understand the whole idea that was exposed. 2.Read first: is always smart to read before the speech begins, if you know about the topic that will be exposed, it will be easier to understand it. 3.Pay Attention: it is always important that if you are listening, you have to put attention to the speaker, but there will be moments that you will have to put all of your attention in the speech, like in the introduction and in the conclusion, to get the idea of what they are talking about. What I have wrote is only a little part of some challenges and strategies about listening that we will encounter in our life, personally I always have to put attention to what they are speaking, so I can get the idea and also I have to know something before the speech, so I can relate what the speaker is telling us, to what I have read, so is easier to get the idea and understand better, there are a lot of strategies to improve the listening skill, so what is your strategy?

Royal Bank of Scotland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Royal Bank of Scotland - Essay Example Majority of the bank’s success in the last decade has been accomplished by a combination of internal innovation, organic growth, and significant acquisitions (Aoki, 2000). The performance of the bank in 2005 demonstrated the capability of the company’s growth, with the growth of customers in all its divisions. The average customer loans and average customer deposits were up to 23 percent and 17 percent respectively during this period. However, the bank has had its pitfalls and failures leading to resignation of the CEO, Fred Godwin with hefty pension (Barba, 2005). This brings up the questions, what are the reasons behind the failures of Royal Bank of Scotland? To what extent were the corporate governance practices responsible for these failures? And how could Royal Bank of Scotland avoid these failures? In order to answer these questions, this paper will discuss the case of the Royal Bank of Scotland’s corporate governance. ... Royal Bank of Scotland functions as an international financial and banking service group offering a broad range of services and products to commercial, personal, and big institutional and corporate customers through its two major subsidiaries. Royal Bank of Scotland was behind the launch of the first successful UK offset account of mortgage with Virgin. This model has currently been translated to the US and Germany successfully. The primary aspect of the Royal Bank of Scotland strategy is to establish the strategic options and the constituent flexibility and diversity mean that growth is independent of one specific market development or economic scenario. This kind of approach and its associated benefits are reflected in the results of Royal Bank of Scotland (Citrin, and Smith, 2003). In 2005, the Royal Bank of Scotland’s total income rose by about 14% contributed to mainly by its organic growth. This accounted for 70% of the increase. The company’s income ratio and cri tical cost was up held at 41%. Continued growth in profits, income and earnings are seemingly certain due to the innovation teams who operate in both the insurance and retail banking areas of the business. The developments of the 2005’s internal innovation included the Royal Bank of Scotland being the very first main international bank to publicly declare that it went live with the FX spot streaming trading through the Bloomberg Professional Service (Clarke, 2004). This kind of development of model electronic commerce complemented the existing electronic trading capabilities of the Royal Bank of Scotland on Bloomberg enabling the clients to trade Fixed Income and Foreign Exchange online from a single platform. Nevertheless,

Basic Network Technology, Structure, and Protocols Research Paper - 1

Basic Network Technology, Structure, and Protocols - Research Paper Example Moreover, the Internet is known as the world’s biggest public WAN and it is too a type of network (Mitchell, 2011) and (FREETECHEXAMS, 2011). There are diverse kinds of networking, for example there are WANs (wide area networks) or LANs (local area networks). However, the dissimilarity among these two depends on their coverage. Additionally, networks can as well be dissimilar in their arrangement and design. In addition, there are various other types as well for instance server/client networks and peer-to-peer networks. Moreover, in some scenarios client/server based networks are inclined to be central by means of the majority processes being maintained by the centralized or key system. On the other hand, the Peer-to-peer networks are composed of computers that facilitate the similar processes as well as are able to transmit data and information to each other (FREETECHEXAMS, 2011) and (Mitchell, 2011). The purpose of networks is to offer data sharing and communication services , for this reason there are some established communication standards those are implemented through protocols. In this scenario, the protocols are similar to the policies and regulations for the processes of the network. In addition, a network can use different protocols depending on the situation, for example TCP/IP, the majority widespread protocol established for the communication on internet as well as in small level networks. Moreover, the networks can be classified as wireless or wired networks. In this scenario, the majority of protocols intended for wired networks are as well facilitated and corroborated by wireless networks. Furthermore, wired networks have been established a long time ago as compared to wireless networks. However, with developments in technology wireless networks are improving and turning out to be more widespread and trustworthy (FREETECHEXAMS, 2011) and (Mitchell, 2011). At the present, networks are used everywhere. From our home telephone lines to TV con nection we are surrounded with communication networks. These networks are able to offer us a lot of facilities and services in form of information and data sharing. On the other hand, majority of the people still do not have any knowledge about the network technology and what are the basic skills behind the scene. In this scenario, there is an awful need of educating people about the network technology and teaching people about this technology based system. For this purpose, TV and internet are the prime means of technology based communication. In addition, through these means we communicate with people as well as transfer data and information. Moreover, we can develop a program based on the presentation which can offer a great deal of support regarding information sharing and data distribution at the network level for guiding the people (FREETECHEXAMS, 2011), (Nash, 2000) and (Mitchell, 2011). However, there are some issues associated with each technology. In the same way, the late st network technologies are also experiencing some of the issues those are hindering in the overall progress and possible evolution of the technology. In this scenario, security in case of network environment is taken as one of the prime factors regarding the network technology and communication. Moreover, these issues become more critical in

Journals 578 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journals 578 - Essay Example It was especially interesting to find that the military established a brotherhood for soldiers, where each person was to protect the other. Many soldiers express joy when killing their enemies, yet the author indicated that these emotions are far from joy because when killing the enemy most soldiers have no fear and feel like they cannot be harmed. The author also stated that many soldiers face a psychological condition where they feel that they have changed. This can be seen through their actions, yet they feel unconnected to their bodies and minds; this makes it hard for them to find a rational explanation to their behavior. The author also pointed out another fact that was interesting to me, which was that most people killed in conflict with the USA are referred to collateral damage, yet when American soldiers are killed they are referred to as innocents who lost their lives. Not only that, many policies created by the leaders come from using the religion and culture of other nati ons as a threat to the USA. This is done to reshape the image of these countries to the public toward a negative perception so that people will start viewing them as enemies. Chapter (1-8) The author of the book indicated that it is important to include women in the field of politics, yet many women who are involved in the political sphere do not have their opinions taken into consideration by their male peers. This can be connected to the idea that men are viewed as stronger than women, who are considered to be weaker and more peaceful. I believe that it is important to respect the opinions of women because this will not only help people to view politics from a different perspective but it will also help to understand and recognize crimes committed against women in conflicts. Indeed, the author indicated that many women do not report that they were are sexually assaulted or raped. As a result, it is hard for human rights organizations and the United Nations to recognize acts of rap e as a serious issue. I believe that if women are more involved in making policies then more victims of rape and war will be encouraged to talk about their issues. Moreover, the author pointed out that Laura Bush focused on liberating the women of Afghanistan. However, in my opinion, and similar to what I pointed in my QIP, Laura Bush focused more on liberating women from wearing Burqa instead of focusing on their freedom. Indeed, many movements and policies are made to benefit women, yet they mostly fail. I believe that organizations and policymakers tend to view these issues from their own perspectives and not from the perspectives of the affected women. As a result, they end up making policies that do not suit the needs of those women. In addition, this leads to an emphasis on the importance of negotiation between two parties, as it helps each party to understand each side's opinion and then respect that opinion. In addition, I was also impressed with the veracity of non-violent movements that women have led all over the world. This takes me back to the film we watched in class, â€Å"Pray the Devil to Hell.† The film shows that when women start to protest the motive was to get rid of violence in their countries. They were able to satisfy their goals by using religious and faith communities to gather as many women as they could find. What was really interesting to me was

Find the thesis analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Find the thesis analysis - Essay Example Hence, society recognizes man by his power of promise to others and woman’s presence signifies how and in what manner she should be handled. Her actions are mere reflection of her presence and she has been brought up to evaluate them for the sake of man. Thus, she is an artiste and a spectator of her actions. Therefore, her existence is replaced by her presence in case of appreciation only. ‘The surveyor of woman in herself is male: the surveyed female. Thus she turns herself into an object – and most particularly an object of vision: a sight.’ (p. 47). To summarize it, a woman’s actions represent her being and a man’s actions represent his expression. Throughout history, women have been the main theme of art. Artists of different eras, concentrated on women being viewed from various perspectives and diverse surveyors. The subject of nude paintings had its social connotation. Hence, social connotation of any piece of art was and still is; vitally considerable. Traditional nude oil painting period focused its subject towards nude image of a woman hence; these paintings were aimed for the pleasure of gaze. Although, these paintings seem modest in contemporary society, but similarity to them in artistic photographs of present day, cannot be overlooked. The common theme of secular painting era remained the same. ‘the subject (a woman ) is aware of being seen by a spectator’ (p.49). Thus, nude women were painted in a single moment depiction during renaissance. Moment of shame was the manifested theme. The traditional European nude paintings showed how women have been seen and judged. The foremost Adam and Eve, Susannah and the elders, Tintoretto and Susannah, woman looking at her nakedness, are all perfect examples of gaze for pleasure. However, Judgment of Paris introduced a new concept of beauty competency after assessing nude women. Berger has also described that nude art represents social and

The Credit Crunch of 2007-2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Credit Crunch of 2007-2008 - Essay Example As shown in the diagram underneath, this led to rising housing prices since decades. In 2000, the rate of increase of house prices was rising at unsustainable levels, much faster than they had in the last decade. Sub-prime mortgages (mortgages to high risk customers) began to rise due to availability of cheap credit (Mizen). The low interest rate environment stimulated upsurges in mortgage backed financing and hence considerable increases in house prices. It encouraged investors (financial institutions, such as pension funds, hedge funds, investment banks) to design instruments that offer yield enhancement such as subprime mortgages. The bullish attitude of Wall Street led to creation of complex structured products such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and a lot of repackaging of high-risk mortgage backed securities. The credit and house price bubble led to a real-estate boom and eventually to a surplus of unsold homes, which triggered U.S. housing prices to peak and before declining and bursting in mid-2006. Subprime borrowers began to default on their loans as real estate prices decreased further. The default on a significant ratio of subprime toxic assets produced cascade effects in financial markets via the securitized mortgage derivatives into which these mortgages were bundled, to the balance sheets of investment banks and hedge funds. The vagueness about the value of the securities collateralized by these mortgages spread chaos and concern over the soundness of loans for leveraged buyouts. That led to the freezing of the interbank lending market in August 2007, collapse of key financial institutions such as Lehman Brothers and triggered the credit crunch crisis. 2. Economists classify macro-economic indicators as leading, lagging, or coincident. Define each classification and give two examples of each, relating them to the recession that began in 2007 and the recovery that is now under way. ? Economic indicators are periodical statements by the government and private institutions that describe the health of a country's economy. Economist classify these indicators into lea ding, lagging or coincident kind that are described below in detail: Leading Indicators: Leading indicators are economic indicators that predict future events. They are foreign exchange indicators that change beforehand the change in the market or economy has occurred. Examples of leading indicators may include bong yields, inventory variations, stock prices and insurance claims. Economic establishments and central banks study leading indicators in expectation to fluctuations in expected interest rates. A forex-leading indicator is a pointer that advises the trader to buy or sell before a new trend in the market commences. Leading indicators, however, are difficult to recognize and could lead to misleading results or interpretations if not analyzed by an experience trader. Two examples leading indicators for the financial crisis of 2007 are stock prices (500 common stocks) that reduced by 8% in 2007 (The Conference Board) and Building permits that reduced by 16% leading to a 40% dec line in US Home Construction Index. Lagging Indicators: Lagging indicators are indicators that follow an economic event. These indicators usually exist three to twelve months after the economy. Lagging economic indicators are the confirmation to outline the peaks and troughs that

The importance of GDP indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the Essay

The importance of GDP indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the economic policies - Essay Example This essay provides critical analysis of the usage of GDP indicator in the role of reliable criterion of estimation of economic policies of a government. It is argued, that the improvement of GDP per capita is useful for measuring the performance of the society. GDP is considered as an important indicator for determining the progress of the economy. The governments of the world regarded it as one of the statistical tool which can determine whether the economy is progressing or deteriorating. It is an economic index of the entire economic output of the country. It establishes relationship among many other things which includes the shipments of the manufacturers, construction spending, farmers’ harvest and retail sales. It is a figure that converts the national economy into a single data by surpassing the density. The conventional approach of GDP explains that more it grows, the better the country or the citizens of the country are performing. But it is creating a problem in its implementation in the recent years since the economist observed that it provides misleading and inaccurate gauge of prosperity. Increasing GDP is considered as an important objective of the economic policy of the nation but it cannot be considered as the ultimate objective because it has to consider various other indicators for determining the growth and development of the economy. There are various advantages or benefits provided by using GDP as an indicator in determining the health or performance of the nation.

Size and Complexity of an Animal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Size and Complexity of an Animal - Essay Example The essay "Size and Complexity of an Animal" talks about the fundamental aspect of animal growth and the relationship between the growth in size and the surface area relative to its volume. The relationship between surface areas to volume ratio is best exemplified by reflection on phylum Porifera. The organism has a smaller surface area in relation to its volume. As a result, it depicts a simple form of exchange with the external environment. For example, nutrients are taken directly from water then enters through pores by cells lining the organism. On the other hand, complex organisms have a larger surface area to volume. As a result, these animals have trouble in acquiring nutrients. Therefore, they have developed a complex mechanism of feeding such as mesoderm in platyhelminths. The development of larger and complex bodies posed a challenge in respiration. The reason is that smaller animals such as sponges could take gasses directly from the surrounding water. As a result, there was no need for a development of the specialized organ. The challenge arises, as organism could not exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide directly with their cells. Moreover, in platyhelminths, the development of flat body enhanced efficient exchange of gasses through diffusion. The flat body help in providing a high surface area to volume ratio and hence easy supply and exchange of gasses. On the other hand, higher animals could not maintain gas exchange through their body surface. As a result, diffusion was not possible on their body surfaces.

Passage Essay Example for Free

Passage Essay Passage: â€Å"As I have endeavored to show you how Europeans become Americans; it may not be disagreeable to show you likewise how the various Christian sects introduced, wear out, and how religious indifference becomes prevalent. When any considerable number of a particular sect happens to dwell contiguous to each other, they immediately erect a temple, and there worship the Divinity agreeably to their own peculiar ideas. Nobody disturbs them. If any new sect springs up in Europe it may happen that many of its professors will come and settle in America. As they bring their zeal with them, they are at liberty to make proselytes if they can, and to build a meeting and to follow the dictates of their consciences; for neither the government nor any other power interferes. If they are peaceable subjects, and are industrious, what is it to their neighbors how and in what manner they think fit to address their prayers to the Supreme Being? But if the sectaries are not settled close together, if they are mixed with other denominations, their zeal will cool for want of fuel, and will be extinguished in a little time. Then the Americans become as to religion, what they are as to country, allied to all. In them the name of Englishman, Frenchman, and European is lost, and in like manner, the strict modes of Christianity as practiced in Europe are lost also. This effect will extend itself still farther hereafter, and though this may appear to you as a strange idea, yet it is a very true one. I shall be able perhaps hereafter to explain myself better; in the meanwhile, let the following example serve as my first justification†. Paraphrase:  In an attempt to explain you how Europeans became Americans, it is also visible that how the different Christian factions established, wear down and then finally they submerged into each other. When a significant number of people, belonging to different groups inhabit contiguous to each other, they live and worship in the way that satisfies their own religious thoughts. If a new cluster of people recoils in Europe then it is a possibility that many its lecturers come and live in America. With them, they bring new zest. They are free to follow their own principles because neither the administration nor anyone else will get in the way. If these people are prolific and nonviolent, no one cares about their way of worship. On the other hand, if these two different groups are intermingled and mixed together, then their zest and enthusiasm will wear out and will be extinguished with the passage of time. Then the unanimity arises and they become allied to every aspect of life; in religion as well as to their country. This impact will expand itself still beyond in future, and though this may appear to you as an eccentric suggestion, yet it is a very true one. Summary: In the passage, the writer shows how in America, the religious indifference becomes common. Like when two different religious groups happen to settle adjacent to each other, they raise there temples right away and start their own spiritual worship. They are free to follow their own persona because no one interfere them. If they live peacefully, and are productive, nobody bothers to think in what manner they address their prayers to the Supreme Being. But if two different sects mix up with each other, their spiritual values merge with each other. Consequently, they lose their own distinction and amalgamate together in religion just as they show unison for their country. The writer is of the view that this impact will still extend itself in the future. This may appear odd but it is true. Analysis: In the passage narrated above, the writer has shown his/her immense treasure of research and vocabulary. The passage demonstrates the logical approach of the writer. In the passage, the writer has put in the picture of how the Englishmen of Europe are changed into Americans. Here the writer has essentially emphasized on the religious fusion of the people belonging to different groups. But the writer has ignored the issue of moral violence produced by this merger and its impact in the passage. The writer has used the words â€Å"peaceable† and â€Å"industrious† in describing different groups of people that shows positive approach of the writer. Similarly, â€Å"Supreme Being† has been used instead of God which reflects His highness and supreme power. On another place, word â€Å"denomination† has been used to describe different casts and factions of people. I chose this passage because this paragraph is quite thought provoking and an example of simplicity of diction and elevation of thoughts. Besides, the topic under discussion in this part of article is fairly interesting. I fairly like this passage because in this part the writer has influenced me to imagine how the modern culture of America has flourished till today. The writer has shown his/her positive attitude by describing the constructive out comes of this unification of people belonging to different cultures, traditions and even religion. From this passage, I have discovered that how rich and how much mature our culture and our traditions are.

Health and Safety Principles in the Workplace

Health and Safety Principles in the Workplace Samantha O’Shea Q1 Explain the role of the Communication and training in the promotion and provision of the health and safety. The role of the Safety, Health and Welfare Act was originally presented in 1989 and updated in 2005. It was put in place to make further provisions for safety health and welfare of a person at work. Communication The role of communication is to discuss or exchange any health and safety problems in the workplace. Provides info for all parties to carrier out there job with good work practices and ethic. Communication is implemented by the employers, employees and also the safety officer getting together to discuss any hazard or risk in the workplace. After identifying the hazards and risks it is important to do a risk assessment. It is also important for staff to communicate about a safety statement and to discuss what information to put in it and put it in a noticeable area. There are different ways to communicate which are talking direct, monthly meetings and also visual presentations. Communication builds trust and respect between both the employers and the employees. Training The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, all employers must provide training. Training the staff with appropriate and relevant courses i.e. CPR, manual handling. It is up to both the employers and employees to have the right training and to maintain up skilling. It gives both the employer and the employee confidence when they know how to use the equipment. After getting trained the employers and the employees won’t be as stressed out because they will know how to do the work. It will also help the staff identify hazard, risks, control measures and also do a risk assessment. All training should be available for staff and if staff is entitled to be paid when the training is provided. (Class Notes 2014) Q2 Outline the principles and procedures of a good housekeeping in the workplace. Good housekeeping is having the workplace clean and that there is no items out of place. According to Best – Job-Interview.com (2014) â€Å"To maintain a clean, sanitary, comfortable and tidy environment for either private households or commercial establishments† Good housekeeping keeps the workplace clean and sanitary. It is important to have good housekeeping because of germs or bacteria that are the workplace won’t travel from patient, staff or visitors and also they won’t get sick in the environment. It is also important to do housekeeping because there could be a hazard such as spills on the floor or that wires could be out of place where as patients, staff or visitors could slip and fall and hurt themselves. The procedures of good housekeeping: Is to have all aisles are clear for the residents and other staff, so that no one will fall at the workplace. Clean all areas everyday that needs to be done such as floors and bathrooms. While the floors are wet to put up the proper signs on the floor so that people know that the floor is wet. To use proper bins for e.g. white bins with black bags for general waste. Clean up spills that are on the floor so that no one has an accident. Store cleaning products in the right area and that they are out of harm’s way. (Class notes 2014) Q3 Noise, Dust and Fumes are hazards which are commonly found in the workplace. For one of these hazards outline the risk associated with exposure to this hazard and control measure which might be used in the workplace. Identify at least 3 hazards which commonly encountered in your workplace and briefly describe how these are controlled. According to Health and Safety Authority (2014) â€Å"Noise means unwanted sound or loud discordant or disagreeable sound or sounds†. Noise can affect your hearing which could be temporary or permanent. It often leads to temporary deafness after leaving a noisy place or having the radio or television up to loud. Hearing damage could also happen by loud noises or sudden noises. Sometimes tinnitus could happen when you are exposed to loud or continues noise. Tinnitus is a ringing or buzzing in the ear, which sometimes accurse to hearing loss. (Health and Safety Authority, 2014) Hazard Risk Control Measure Equipment Hearing loss Tinnitus Turn down the radios and televisions Use proper personal protective equipment gears e.g. ear muffs whiles using noisy equipment. Stress Could become depressed from being stressed out in the job due to not having proper training and also poor staff levels . All Staff should be trained for their jobs for e.g. Manual handling and first aid. Also good work practice. Having good work skills and getting on with other staff. Cleaning Products Using insufficiently diluted. Also spills of cleaning products e.g. burns If a person wore proper protective equipment such as gloves and a mask. Also if a person uses the prober consciences e.g. certain amount of water to a cleaning product that needs water. Q4 Explain the type contents of a first-aid kit and their appropriate uses. A first aid kit has medical supplies or equipment in a bag or box for emergencies. According to First Aid Supplies â€Å"First Aid Fit Full†. Contents Quality Use First aid instruction leaflet 1 Explain how to use the products in the first aid kit. Alcohol free wipes 10 To clean the area that is cut. Waterproof plasters 42 To cover the cut. Triangular bandages 2 To cover a deep cut. Safety pins 6 Hold the bandages or slings together. Medium Wond Dressings 2 To cover a cut or burn. Sterile eye pads 2 To protect the eye is cut or injured to prevent it from being infected. First Aid Scissors 1 To cut the bandage or fabric. Latex Gloves 2 To protect your hands whiles working on the patent. Fabric Tape 1 Is used to hold cotton wool or for iv drips. Antiseptic cream 1 It’s for burns, cuts or grazes that they don’t get infected. Burneze Burn Relief spray 1 To cool a burn. Fabric strip 1 Is used for a deep cut to hold the skin together. Lint 1 Used for cuts and wounds. Non Adherent dressings 3 Are to cover wounds or cuts. Paper stitches (8) 1 Hold deep cuts together. Conforming Bandage 1 Is used for a wound dressing. Sterile Gauze swabs 2 Treat wounds if dirty or infected. Non Woven Dressings 3 Used for wounds e.g. after getting an operation. Cotton Crepe Bandage 1 For a stain or a break. Resuscitate Mask 1 For CPR. Tweezers 1 To take out something that is stuck in a cut. Q5 Explain the risks associated with the following hazards work environment, work practice, medication, alcohol, drugs, and outline for each, steps which on employer might take control these risks. (Please provide at least two controls per hazard) A hazard is anything that can potentially cause harm to someone e.g. spills (Health and Safety Authority 2014) Work Practise A safe way to carry out work in the workplace. Risk Control Measure Back injuries Employees/employers don’t use the equipment such as hoist that leads to back injuries. Also if staff isn’t trained properly such as manual handling could end up with back injuries. Stress Most staff could be stressed by the equipment as they mightn’t be trained in the equipment properly. Staff could be stressed because of the long ours the work in the workplace. Work Environment The place or location of where you work. Risk Control Measure Falls, Trips or Spills Do daily housekeeping routine to make sure all the rooms are safe for all the patients and also the staff. Have proper handle bars around the building for the patients. Faulty Equipment/equipment not being use properly. For the equipment to be fixed and also checked regularly. For all staff to be trained properly on the equipment. Medication Medication is used to treat an illness or disease. Risk Control Measure Out of date To check the dates regularly on all stock of medication. Also dispose of out of date medication properly. Right Dosage Give the patient the right dosage of medication so that the medication works properly. Double check the dosage on the package as packaging on tables could change. Alcohol Alcohol has a strong smell, that people use to drink or it is some medications. Risk Control Measure Wrong/poor decision making. Educational programs on alcohol. Help the employer/employee see where the made wrong decisions and help them make their decisions right. Come in late If they come in late a number amount of days to give them a warning. Explain the consequence of coming in late. Drugs A Drug/substance that has an effect on the body. Risk Control Measure Substance use at work. Giving the person sometime of work to get help. Helping them get the help. Carelessness, mistakes and errors in their judgement. Also explain to the person about the consequence about using drugs. Also explain to the person their mistakes from in their jobs and get them some help. Q6 Outline risks factors in relation to health, to include stress/lifestyle/diet/illness. Health is where someone is fit and well. Someone that isn’t sick or hasn’t got an illness long term. (Who, 2003) Stress on person can be physical on a person while working in a healthcare sector. It can be physical if someone hasn’t got the proper training in the workplace. Stress could also be mentally on a person, it could have an effect on someone’s by the person having a breakdown, panic attacks, depressed, absentees and also lack of sleep. They could be stress due to long hours in the nursing home and also a lot of work could be on one person. If someone is stressed it could have an effect on their diet. It could have an effect on someone’s health if they aren’t eating properly. If a person is not eating at proper meal times or not eating at all a person can become under nourished. Also if they are over eating in the evenings they could become over weight because they are eating the wrong foods such as sweets and takeaways and also not doing any regular exercise. Both stress and poor diet can result in poor sleeping habits which can which could lead a person to have sleep insomniac. When someone immune system is down they could easily pick up certain illness that is going on in the workplace e.g. if flus and coughs are going around they could be easily picked up. Illness can affect people because some staff members could get really sick and they could have to take a few days off which could also lead to stress because they can’t afford to take time off. Health can be affected on someone’s lifestyle. It can be affected by someone being depressed. Someone in the healthcare setting can become depressed by not talking to anybody in the workplace other than the patients or even problems at home. Reference Books Class Notes . College of Progressive Education (2008), Healthcare Support: A Textbook For Healthcare Assistance, Gill and MacMillion, Dublin. Websites Best-Job-Interview.com (2014) â€Å"Housekeeping Job Description† [online], Available: http://www.best-job-interview.com/housekeeping-job-description.html [accessed 26th September 2014]. First Aid Supplies â€Å"First Aid Fit Full† [online], Available:http://www.firstaidsupplies.org/firstaidsupplies/Main/FAK_Full_410103.htm [Accessed 26th September 2014]. Helpguide.org, â€Å"Effective Communication† [online], Available: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/effective_communication_skills.htm [accessed 30th September 2014]. Websites E Journal Health and Safety Authority, (2014) ‘Noise’ [online], Available: http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Physical_Agents/Noise/ [accessed 29th September 2014]. Health and Safety Authority (2014) â€Å"Safety and Health Management System†, [online] Available:http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Managing_Health_and_Safety/Safety_and_Health_Management_Systems/ [accessed 5th October 2014]. Health and Safety Authority (2014), â€Å"Health and Safety at work in Residential Care Facilities† [online], Available: http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Healthcare_Sector/Residential_Care_Facilities.pdf [accessed 2nd October 2014]. World Health Organisation (2003) â€Å"WHO Definition of Health† [online], Available: http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.htm [accessed 7th October 2014]. Web EBook Business Dictionary.com (2014), â€Å"Business Dictionary†, Web Finance [online], Available: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/work-environment.html [accessed 5th October 2014]. Collins English Dictionary (2014), â€Å"English Dictionary: Pioneers In Dictionary Publishing Since 1819†, Harper Collins Publisher [online], Available:http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/first-aid-kit [accessed 2nd October 2014]. Merriam – Webster (2014), [online], Available: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medication [accessed 2nd October 2014]. Merriam – Webster (2014), [online], Available: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alcohol [accessed 2nd October 2014]. Merriam – Webster (2014), [online], Availablehttp://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/working-practices [accessed 5th October 2014]. Oxford Dictionary (2014), â€Å"Oxford Dictionaries – Language Matters† Oxford University Press [online], Available:http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/drug [accessed 2nd October 2014].

Jupiter Research Essay -- Papers

Jupiter Research Jupiter is the fifth and largest planet in our solar system. This gas giant has a thick atmosphere, 17 moons, and a dark, barely-visible ring. Its most prominent features are bands across its latitudes and a great red spot, (which is a storm). Jupiter is composed mostly of gas. This enormous planet radiates twice as much heat as it absorbs from the sun. It also has an extremely strong magnetic field. It is slightly flattened at its poles and it bulges out a bit at the equator. Size: Jupiter's diameter is 88700 miles (142800km). This is a little more than 11 times the diameter of the Earth. Jupiter is so large that all the other planets in the solar system could fit inside it (if it were hollow). Mass and Gravity: Jupiter's mass is about 1.69 x 10(27) kg. Although this is 318 times the mass of the Earth, the gravity on Jupiter is only 254% of the gravity on Earth. This is because Jupiter is such a large planet (and the gravitational force a planet exerts upon an object at the planet's surface is proportional to its mass and to the inverse of its radius squared). A 100-pound person would weigh 254 pounds on Jupiter. Length Of A Day And Year On Jupiter =================================== It takes Jupiter 9.8 Earth hours to revolve around its axis (this is a Jovian day). It takes Jupiter 11.86 Earth years to orbit the sun once (this is a Jovian year). Jupiter is made of gases and liquids, so as it rotates, its parts do not rotate at exactly the same velocity. It rotates very rapidly, and this spinning action gives Jupiter a large equatorial bulge; it looks like a slightly flattened s... ...ogen molecules move freely from molecule to molecule (like the electrons of a metal; that is what allows the electrical and heat conductivity. Core: At the centre of the planet is a molten rock, which is many times bigger and more massive than the entire Earth. It is 20,000*C, about three times hotter than the Earth's core. Internal Heat: Jupiter is a heat source; it radiates 1.6 times as much energy as it receives from the sun. Magnetic Field: Jupiter has a very strong magnetic field. The magnetic field is probably generated as the planet spins its deep metallic-hydrogen layer with electrical currents. Spacecraft Visits: Jupiter was first visited by NASA's Pioneer 10, which flew by Jupiter in 1973. Later fly-by visits included: Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Ulysses, and Galileo.

The Narrator in The Tell-Tale Heart :: Tell-Tale Heart Essays

The Narrator in The Tell-Tale Heart Through the first person narrator, Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" illustrates how man's imagination is capable of being so vivid that it profoundly affects people's lives. The manifestation of the narrator's imagination unconsciously plants seeds in his mind, and those seeds grow into an unmanageable situation for which there is no room for reason and which culminates in murder. The narrator takes care of an old man with whom the relationship is unclear, although the narrator's comment of "For his gold I had no desire" (Poe 34) lends itself to the fact that the old man may be a family member whose death would monetarily benefit the narrator. Moreover, the narrator also intimates a caring relationship when he says, "I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult" (34). The narrator's obsession with the old man's eye culminates in his own undoing as he is engulfed with internal conflict and his own transformation from confidence to guilt . The fixation on the old man's vulture-like eye forces the narrator to concoct a plan to eliminate the old man. The narrator confesses the sole reason for killing the old man is his eye: "Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees - very gradually - I made up my mind to rid myself of the eye for ever" (34). The narrator begins his tale of betrayal by trying to convince the reader he is not insane, but the reader quickly surmises the narrator indeed is out of control. The fact that the old man's eye is the only motivation to murder proves the narrator is so mentally unstable that he must search for justification to kill. In his mind, he rationalizes murder with his own unreasonable fear of the eye. The narrator wrestles with conflicting feelings of responsibility to the old man and feelings of ridding his life of the man's "Evil Eye" (34). Although afflicted with overriding fear and derangement, the narrator still acts with quasi-allegiance toward the old man; however, his kindness may stem more from protecting himself from suspicion of watching the old man every night than from genuine compassion for the old man.

Swimming :: essays research papers

Swimming Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I've ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically stronger. What I didn't realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person. New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didn't seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease. We got into the pool, and the teacher had us put on brightly colored water wings to help us stay afloat. One of the other students, May, had already taken the beginning class once before, so she took a kickboard and went splashing off by herself. The other student, Jerry, and I were told to hold on to the side of the pool and shown how to kick for the breaststroke. One by one, the teacher had us hold on to a kickboard while she pulled it through the water and we kicked. Pretty soon Jerry was off doing this by himself, traveling at a fast clip across the short end of the pool. Things were not quite that easy for me, but the teacher was very patient. After a few more weeks, when I seemed to have caught on with my legs, she taught me the arm strokes. Now I had two things to concentrate on, my arms and my legs. I felt hopelessly uncoordinated. Sooner than I imagined, however, things began to feel "right" and I was able to swim! It was a wonderful free feeling - like flying, maybe - to be able to shoot across the water. Learning to swim was not easy for me, but in the end my persistence paid off.

Drug Literature Evaluation Saw Palmetto Health And Social Care Essay

Clinical Question # 1: Is saw palmetto proven to be every bit effectual as Finasteride in shriveling or halting the growing of the prostate secretory organ in work forces diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) ? Phosphorus: male patients diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia I: proverb palmetto Degree centigrades: Finasteride ( Proscar ) Oxygen: To shrivel or halt the growing of the prostate secretory organ in work forces Thymine: Therapy/ Intervention Search Engines used ( 2 ) : OVID, Pubmed Search footings ab initio used ( based on PICO ) : Ovidi? Saw palmetto AND Finasteride AND BPH Pubmedi? Saw palmetto, finasteride, BPH Consequence: OVID ( 24 ) , PubMed ( 24 ) Search footings really used: Ovidi? Saw palmetto AND Finasteride Pubmedi? Finasteride, Saw Palmetto. LIMITS: English linguistic communication, worlds, work forces Consequence: Ovid ( 58 ) , PubMed ( 35 )Suggested Articles:1: Ovid # 28 Title: A prospective, 1-year test utilizing saw palmetto versus finasteride in the intervention of class III prostatitis/chronic pelvic hurting syndrome. Abstraction: Purpose: This survey was designed to measure the safety and efficaciousness of proverb palmetto or finasteride in work forces with class III prostatitis/chronic pelvic hurting syndrome ( CP/CPPS ) . Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized, unfastened label, 1-year survey was designed to measure the safety and efficaciousness of proverb palmetto and finasteride in the intervention of work forces diagnosed with CP/CPPS. Patients were randomized to finasteride ( 5 milligram one time day-to-day ) or saw palmetto ( 325 milligrams daily ) for 1 twelvemonth. Patients were evaluated utilizing the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, single spheres ( hurting, urinary symptoms, quality of life and intend hurting mark ) and the American Urological Association Symptom Score at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Consequences: A sum of 64 back-to-back work forces 24 to 58 old ages old ( average age 43.2 ) with a diagnosing of CP/CPPS were every bit rand omized to the 2 intervention weaponries. All 64 work forces had antecedently received antibiotics ( continuance of 3 to 93 hebdomads ) , 52 ( 82 % ) had been on alpha-blockade. There were 61, 57 and 56 patients evaluable at 3, 6 and 12 months, severally. At 1 twelvemonth mean entire National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index score decreased from 23.9 to 18.1 in the finasteride group ( P & lt ; 0.003 ) , and from 24.7 to 24.6 in the proverb palmetto arm ( p = 0.41 ) . In the finasteride arm the quality of life and hurting spheres were significantly improved at 1 twelvemonth ; nevertheless, micturition was non. Adverse events included concern ( 3 instances ) in the proverb palmetto group and decreased libido ( 2 instances ) in the finasteride group. At the terminal of the test 13 of 32 ( 41 % ) and 21 of 32 ( 66 % ) opted to go on saw palmetto and finasteride, severally. Decisions: CP/CPPS treated with proverb palmetto had no appreciable long-run betterment. In co ntrast, patients treated with finasteride had important and lasting betterment in all assorted parametric quantities except invalidating. Further surveies are warranted to determine the mechanism and duplicability of these effects in a placebo controlled test. Citation: Kaplan S.A. , Volpe M.A. , Te A.E. EMBASE Journal of Urology. 171 ( 1 ) ( pp 284-288 ) , 2004. Date of Publication: Jan 2004. [ Journal: Article ] Associate in nursing: 2003516940 2. PubMed # 4 Title: Saw palmetto and finasteride in the intervention of category-III prostatitis/chronic pelvic hurting syndrome. Abstraction: Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic hurting syndrome is a common entity for which a standardised direction has non been established. Patients frequently have a important symptom composite and impact on quality of life, but really small is known about the efficaciousness of second- and third-line interventions, such as the usage of herbal addendums. Many interventions studied in recent literature include antibiotics, alpha-blockade, anti-inflammatory agents, and cognitive behavioural intercessions such as biofeedback and psychotherapeutics. Citation: Yang J, Te AE. Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. Curr Urol Rep. 2005 Jul ; 6 ( 4 ) :290-5. Review.PMID: 15978232 [ PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE ] Clinical Question # 2: In corpulent patients enduring from schizophrenic disorder, is Clozapine more likely to do weight addition than other untypical major tranquilizers? Phosphorus: corpulent patients enduring from schizophrenic disorder I: Clozapine Degree centigrades: other untypical major tranquilizers Oxygen: control of corpulent patient ‘s schizophrenic disorder with untypical major tranquilizers while non doing an addition in weight Thymine: Therapy/ Intervention Search Engines used ( 2 ) : Trip Database, PubMed Search footings ab initio used ( based on PICO ) : Trip Databasei? Clozapine, weight addition, corpulent, schizophrenic disorder PubMedi? corpulent, Clozaril, weight addition, schizophrenic disorder Consequence: Trip Database ( 32 ) , PubMed ( 37 ) Search footings really used: Trip Databasei? Clozapine, weight addition, corpulent, schizophrenic disorder PubMedi? Clozaril, weight addition, corpulent, schizophrenic disorder, untypical major tranquilizers. Limits: worlds, English linguistic communication Consequence: Trip Database ( 32 ) , PubMed ( 28 )Suggested Articles:1.Trip Database # 4 ( nexus to PubMed ) Title: Weight addition during a double-blind multidosage Clozaril survey. Abstraction: Possible variables associated with weight addition during clozapine intervention include dosing, intervention continuance, baseline organic structure mass index ( BMI ) , sex, and plasma norclozapine concentrations. Weight additions during a double-blind, randomized Clozaril survey utilizing 100- , 300- , and 600-mg/d doses were analyzed. It was hypothesized that weight addition was associated with baseline BMI, Clozaril dosing, and demographic factors. The possible part of plasma Clozaril and norclozapine concentrations was explored. Fifty treatment-refractory schizophrenic disorder patients were randomized to 100- , 300- , or 600-mg/d doses of Clozaril for a 16-week, double-blind intervention in a research ward. Nonresponsive patients went onto a 2nd and/or a 3rd 16-week, double-blind intervention at the other doses. Weights of patients were measured every hebdomad. During the first Clozaril intervention, weight addition varied across 3 baseline BMI classs ( normal-wei ght patients [ 4.1 kilogram, P & lt ; 0.001 ] , fleshy patients [ 2.6 kilogram, P = 0.05 ] , and corpulent patients [ 0.36 kilograms, non important ] ) and harmonizing to dosing ( 600 mg/d [ 4.4 kilogram ] , 300 mg/d [ 2.6 kilogram ] , and 100 mg/d [ 1.3 kilograms ] ) . Sexual activity had no consequence after commanding for baseline BMI and dose, but the Afro-american race had a strong important consequence despite the little figure of African Americans ( n = 6 ) . At the terminal of the first Clozaril intervention, plasma norclozapine concentration was non significantly correlated with weight addition in the entire sample ( r = 0.16, P = 0.32, n = 43 ) , but seems to be strongly correlated in nonsmokers. Despite its restrictions, this survey indicates that baseline BMI, dosing, and, perchance, the Afro-american race may be major determiners of clozapine-induced weight addition. Citation: de Leon J, Diaz FJ, Josiassen RC, Cooper TB, Simpson GM. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. Mental Health Research Center, Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. 2. PubMed # 12504074 Title: A reappraisal of the consequence of untypical major tranquilizers on weight Abstraction: Controlled research tests have shown that untypical major tranquilizers have of import advantages over standard major tranquilizers, including a broader spectrum of efficaciousness and improved tolerability profile, peculiarly with respect to neurological inauspicious events such as extrapyramidal symptoms ( EPS ) . Some untypical major tranquilizers, nevertheless, tend to do important weight addition, which may take to hapless conformity and other inauspicious wellness effects. The mechanisms involved in antipsychotic drug-related weight addition are as yet unsure, although serotoninergic, histaminic, and sympathomimetic affinities have been implicated along with other metabolic mechanisms. The untypical major tranquilizers vary in their leaning to do weight alteration with long-run intervention. Follow-up surveies show that the largest weight additions are associated with Clozaril and olanzapine, and the smallest with quetiapine and ziprasidone. Risperidone is associat ed with modest weight alterations that are non dose related. Given the tantamount efficaciousness of untypical major tranquilizers, weight-gain profile is a legitimate factor to see when building an algorithm for intervention due to the serious medical effects of fleshiness. Citation: Nasrallah H. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 Jan ; 28 Suppl 1:83-96. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, PO Box 670559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA. Mesh Footings: Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects* Clinical Tests as Subject Worlds Monitoring, Physiologic Obesity/chemically induced* Obesity/epidemiology Obesity/therapy* Overweight/chemically induced* Overweight/epidemiology Overweight/therapy* Schizophrenia/complications* Schizophrenia/epidemiology Weight Loss Clinical Question # 3: Is Crestor ‘s new indicant for the primary bar of cardiovascular disease, considered unique to the drug, or a category consequence of all lipid-lowering medicine drugs? Phosphorus: patients at high hazard of cardiovascular disease I: Crestor Degree centigrades: the â€Å" statin † drug therapy category Oxygen: bar of cardiovascular disease Thymine: Therapy/prevention Search Engines used ( 2 ) : OVID, PubMed Search footings ab initio used ( based on PICO ) : OVIDi? Crestor AND cardiovascular disease AND new indicant PubMedi? rosuvastatin, cardiovascular disease. Limits: worlds, English linguistic communication. Consequence: OVID ( 0 ) , PubMed ( 431 ) Search footings really used: OVIDi? rosuvastatin AND cardiovascular disease AND bar PubMedi? rosuvastatin, Cardiovascular disease bar. Limits: worlds, English linguistic communication. Consequence: Ovid ( 505 ) , PubMed ( 253 )Suggested Articles:1.From OVID- Lipid-lowering medicines for primary bar in older grownups: who is high hazard, who is old, and what denotes primary bar? Abstraction: Whether to handle older grownups with statin medicines for primary bar of cardiovascular events remains a clinical riddle. A figure of observations with respect to increasing age stoke this quandary: The association between elevated cholesterin degrees and cardiovascular hazard diminishes ( 1 ) , risk-prediction tools ( such as the Framingham hazard mark ) become less accurate ( 2, 3 ) , back uping clinical test informations become limited, and the decreasing life anticipation versus clip to medication benefit invariably displacements. Additional downsides of lipid-lowering medicines for older grownups include medicine cost, polypharmacy, and possible side effects. Conversely, age entirely makes older grownups inherently high hazard and lipid-lowering medicines cut down cardiovascular events and decease and may hold other good effects. Clinical test informations support secondary bar of cardiovascular events with lipid-lowering medicines for individuals 80 old ages or younger, but informations are light thenceforth. As the figure of individuals 65 old ages or older quickly additions, and more so the figure of individuals 85 old ages or older, this clinical inquiry demands to be addressedaˆÂ ¦ . Citation: Zieman S.J. , Ouyang P. EMBASE Annals of internal medical specialty. 152 ( 8 ) ( pp 528-530, W183 ) , 2010. Date of Publication: 20 Apr 2010. [ Journal: Note ] AN: 20404384 2. PMID: 20026779 Title: Rosuvastatin in the bar of shot among work forces and adult females with elevated degrees of C-reactive protein: justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin ( JUPITER ) . Abstraction: Background: Anterior primary bar tests of lipid-lowering medicine therapy that used cholesterin standards for registration have non reported important lessenings in shot hazard. We evaluated whether lipid-lowering medicine therapy might cut down shot rates among persons with low degrees of cholesterin but elevated degrees of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. METHODS AND RESULTS: In Justification for the Use of lipid-lowering medicines in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin ( JUPITER ) , 17 802 seemingly healthy work forces and adult females with low-density lipoprotein cholesterin degrees & lt ; 130 mg/dL and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein degrees & gt ; or = 2.0 mg/L were indiscriminately allocated to rosuvastatin 20 mg day-to-day or placebo and so followed up for the happening of a first shot. After a average followup of 1.9 old ages ( maximal, 5.0 old ages ) , rosuvastatin resulted in a 48 % decrease in the jeopardy of fatal and nonfatal shot as compared with placebo ( incidence rate, 0.18 and 0.34 per 100 person-years of observation, severally ; guess ratio 0.52 ; 95 % assurance interval, 0.34 to 0.79 ; P=0.002 ) , a determination that was consistent across all examined subgroups. This determination was due to a 51 % decrease in the rate of ischaemic shot ( hazard ratio, 0.49 ; 95 % assurance interval, 0.30 to 0.81 ; P=0.004 ) , with no difference in the rates of haemorrhagic shot between the active and placebo weaponries ( jeopardy ratio, 0.67 ; 95 % assurance interval, 0.24 to 1.88 ; P=0.44 ) . Decision: Rosuvastatin reduces by more than half the incidence of ischaemic shot among work forces and adult females with low degrees of low-density lipoprotein cholesterin degrees who are at hazard because of elevated degrees of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Citation: Everett BM, Glynn RJ, MacFadyen JG, Ridker PM. Circulation. 2010 Jan 5 ; 121 ( 1 ) :143-50. Epub 2009 Dec 21. Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women ‘s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

ICT implementation report

1. Range of data This is my data, which offers all the different cars and the details about them. The table is set out in and sorted by the specifications of the cars and also includes their prices. 2. Creating order sheet 3. Customer details of order sheet This is the top part of my order sheet, which are the customer's details and the company logo on the top right hand side of the page. 4. Setting up combo boxes I have created combo boxes so that customers can choose what they wish from my data of cars. Each combo-box category has 5 cars and an empty space left encase the customer chooses not to choose a car from a certain category. This selection is linked to the cell next to it as each car has a preset number and the number is what makes the cell named â€Å"cars† change to what is selected in the combo box. 5. Spinners The quantity is done using spinners. As the customer selects the type of car they prefer the price automatically comes up in the â€Å"price cell† and they can change the quantity up to 6 cars for each which is highly unlikely. As the quantity number changes the price is multiplied by the number in the â€Å"quantity† cell. 6. Totals After these processes are done the total price is calculated by multiplying the quantity chosen with the price of the car. 7. Lookups Column F uses a ‘VLOOKUP' in order to find what car has been chosen by the customer. This is done by linking it with ‘Column C' and this column shows a number which is the number of the car chosen on the combo-box and the number in the combo-box is the number which the cars are set as in the Data sheet. Hence displaying the selected car. There is also a VLOOKUPS done for the price which also works in the same way. 8. Tick box and IF statement for Online Discount This is the online discount tick box which is linked to the cell next to it as you can see above. As the box is ticked and un-ticked the cell next to it will change to TRUE or FALSE this enable me to create an IF statement formula that links to this cell in order to give discount or not. This IF statement is designed to give a 15% discount if B25 displays TRUE and if not then 0 will be shown. 9. Delivery YES, NO buttons and IF statement As shown in step 8 the Buttons are linked to the cell next to them. However this time the cell C28 will display either 1 or 2 which represent YES or NO. From this the IF statement in I24 can be done. If cell C28 is displaying 1 then a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6.99 charge will be put on the totals if number 2 is being displayed then cell I24 will come up as blank as there is no Delivery charge. 10. Tick box and IF statement Claims Bonus Discount This is the Claims Bonus discount tick box which is linked to the cell next to it as you can see above. As the box is ticked and un-ticked the cell next to it will change to TRUE or FALSE this enable me to create an IF statement formula that links to this cell in order to give discount or not. 11. Sub-Total This is a sum formula which adds all the prices which are displayed in the selected columns. 12. Working out VAT% Simply input the percentage I wanted as my VAT into cell H26. In the cell next to it a multiplication formula is used to multiply the percentage by the sub-total which leaves the VAT in cell I26. 13. Working out discount price. Simply input the percentage I wanted to discount into cell H25. In the cell next to it a multiplication formula is used to multiply the percentage by the sub-total which leaves the discount in cell I25. 14. Working out Claims bonus Discount price Simply input the percentage I wanted to discount into cell H27. In the cell next to it a multiplication formula is used to multiply the percentage by the sub-total which leaves the discount in cell I27. 15. Grand-Total This is a sum formula however is more complex because it is subtracting discounts and adding different prices. This formula automatically alters and changes according to what is displayed in the cells above it. 16. Add Macros These macros are recorded to copy the details of the chosen car from each row and insert them on to the invoice sheet. They are also set to change the font option and insert a new row so that cars which are chosen do not replace each other so that the user can select more then one car or extra. 17. Go to Invoice & Go to Order These macros have been set up so that the user can toggle between the two sheets without any hassle. They are both very simple macros designed so that the user can change or add anything they want to their receipt. 18. Print Macro This has been created in order to present the user with a print menu once it is selected or print as soon as it is pressed, so that they can select their print option or directly print the receipt. 19. Logos, company details and picture This print scheme shows the company logo and the colour scheme which is matching throughout the project and the picture in order to make the project more attractive. Part of the logo is the company details that are merged with it. 20. Invoice number and date. Located below the logo, this is one of the essentials for the receipt, however there is no formula or calendar option used so the date has to be manually changed every day and the invoice number every time the invoice is being saved and printed. 21. Order details These details are automatically pasted from the order sheet using the Add Macros. Therefore the titles are set in that order according to the data sheet and the font has been set to be changed as part of the processes of the add macro. 22. Customer details on the invoice. These formulas simply display the information/details which the end-user would fill out at the top of the order sheet. 23. Calculation formulas on invoice The print screen above shows all the formulas used I order to calculate the grand total. These are the same formulas used as the order sheet which I have explained in detail, however these have different cell references and copy the if statements from the order sheet so that the customers order is transferred correctly and so I do not have to repeat the process again.

High School and Football Essay

The game of football has become an extremely popular sport over the years. It has two separate professional leagues, the CFL (Canadian) and the NFL (National Football League). While the NFL is the more popular league, the CFL is a very fast growing league in its own right. Football is played everywhere in Canada, especially in high schools. However, the Avon Maitland School Board has banned football as an extra-curricular sport, and stopped funding it, in its high schools. I feel that this is wrong. Football should be an extracurricular sport in every Avon Maitland high school because it has many physical and mental benefits, and it can bring an entire community together. How could the School Board say no to a sport that is full of benefits? Football is a sport that requires a lot of physical contact. This can cause some problems as injuries can occur. The most common and serious ones are concussions. To prevent this, schools can implement tough rules and penalties, which are similar to a professional league for the safety of the student-athletes. The NFL has disciplined many players recently for violent and unnecessary hits. They have created a rule stating that helmet-to-helmet hits are illegal. I feel that schools could implement his kind of a system to protect the student-athletes. Students who do not follow the strict rules that have been placed down will be punished. The severity of the punishment will range from a suspension to being kicked off the team permanently. With these, strict punishments being laid out I feel that students will follow the rules. The students that choose to play by these rules will gain many benefits from the sport of football, both physical and mental. Playing the game of football comes with many physical and mental benefits. It improves your strength, cardio, and speed. Also, due to the amount of physical activity it involves, it can lower the risk of diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. The mental aspect of the game will make you mentally stronger, and an increasingly better strategist. It makes you more responsible and a better listener. Playing football also increases the blood flow to your brain, which will keep you more alert in class. This could benefit your marks. Calvin is a student from another school district. He plays for the football team at his high school. Calvin talks about his typical school day. I awake at 6:30 am to get ready for my morning jog. I jogged from one end of the city to the other in 1 hour. I then consumed my breakfast and sprinted to school. The school is about 5 kilometers away from my house. I arrive at the school with some sweat dripping down my forehead. But I do not feel exhausted at all. I am on time for my class, as usual. The teacher gives us an insightful lecture. I grasped a lot of what he was talking about. After lunch, my friends and I play some football. I then head off to my last class of the day. I completely understand what the teacher is talking about. We then have a surprise quiz. I breeze through all of the questions and feel very confident about my mark. The bell rings for the end of the school day. I then get ready for football practice. Calvin is very physically fit and mentally strong due to the fact that he plays football on a daily basis. He plays for the school team, and with his friends. He is a prime example of the positive effects that football can have on teenagers. The word discipline is a word that gets thrown around a lot when talking about football. Discipline is key word to use when talking about football. You need discipline in order to play successfully and to listen to your coaches. It can be very beneficial. A typical football practice can be brutal. This is an average student’s account of a typical practice. The sun is out and it is 30 degrees outside. The coach makes everyone run suicides to warm up. Everyone is already dripping sweat. We then run wind-sprints for 20 minutes, in the sweltering heat of the sun. I, for one, am exhausted and ready to just leave and go home. The coach motivates me to keep going though. The grass is burnt to a crisp and every member of the team is drenched in sweat. We practice a couple of plays, running constantly throughout. The coach then tells us to run twenty suicides and then hit the showers. I am panting like a dog during each individual suicide, but I made it. That was a very grueling practice. A media example of discipline in football is the story of Camp Kilpatrick. It is a juvenile detention center for kids that are having problems with street gangs, drug dealing, etc. Statistics show that 75% of the residents eventually either go to jail or die. Sean Porter is a worker at Camp Kilpatrick and he gets sick of seeing this stat over and over. He decided to take action and comes up with the idea of creating a football team to teach the teenage inmates what it takes to be responsible, mature, and winners. At first, two of the kids from rival gangs constantly fought and didn’t work well as a team. This is a repeated event and one of the kids, Calvin Owens, gets shot by the rival gang and is hurt badly. Sean disciplines the kids and they eventually get along together and form a formidable football team of teenagers. After the season is over, the kids go on to have successful lives beyond the street gangs that they grew up in. If they had not played football and learned responsibility and become disciplined, who know what those kids could’ve gotten in to after they got released from the camp. 24 of the kids are now going to school, three of them are working full-time jobs, and only five went back to jail. That is increasingly better than the 75% rate, which is the amount of the kids at the juvenile detention center that go back to jail. This story shows how important the game of football can be, even to high school kids. It also shows how powerful football can be. Imagine what it could do to troubled teens in Avon Maitland high schools. It is so powerful that it can even bring an entire community together. Football can also bring a community together, which not many sports can do. Since football is an expensive game to play, it will require fundraising from the whole school . This in itself can bring an entire school together. The entire state of Texas is a huge example of football bringing communities together. They have thirteen different college football teams from every part of the state of Texas. Every game is sold out and many people from different communities come to cheer the team on. If college teams can bring out crowds like those, why can’t high school teams? The same effect can happen if a big Stratford team is created. Not only will a lot of the city come to see them play, but nearby cities will come too. Cities like St. Mary’s and Mitchell will come every week to see the local team play. Also, if the school chooses to charge money for tickets the school will generate a lot of revenue. Concession stands can be opened up as well, with many local eateries. The city will generate more tourism as well. For example, if every Friday night is a home game for the school team, it will become a weekly get together for the whole town, and other towns, to cheer the home-town team on. This can bring the community together, thus making them stand out from other cities/towns. In conclusion, the Avon Maitland School Board is making a huge mistake. I truly believe that football should not be banned as an extra-curricular sport by the board. Football should be an extra-curricular sport in every Avon Maitland high school because it has physical and mental benefits and it can also bring an entire community together. The benefits definitely outweigh the problems. So I ask this, how can the School Board ban a sport like football?

Three Sisters

The Three Sisters Summary Act I Act I takes place on May 5th of an unspecified year, in an unspecified provincial town in Russia. It is the twentieth birthday of Irina, the youngest of the sisters mentioned in the play's title. It is also the one year anniversary of the death of their father, Colonel Prozorov, who moved his family there from Moscow eleven years earlier. Irina and her older sisters, Olga and Masha, receive visitors, members of the military battery that is assigned to the town.The sisters discuss how bored they are with the town, how they long to move back to Moscow, and their brother Andrei, who will probably become a university professor. Olga, who is twenty-eight and the oldest sister, expresses interest in the new lieutenant colonel who has been assigned to the town, Vershinin, but is told that he is married, with two children. Chebutykin, the drunken old doctor who had been in love with the girls mother, gives Irina a silver samovar for her birthday, which is cons idered an inappropriate gift.Vershinin arrives, explaining that he knew the sisters' father back in Moscow, and that he remembers them from when they were girls. When he talks philosophically about how time makes all their lives insignificant, Solyony, a rough staff captain, mocks him by spouting gibberish. The sisters explain that they have been teasing their brother Andrei for being in love with a local girl, Natasha, who is married to the chairman of the county board, Protopopov. Masha's husband, Kulygin, arrives to take Masha to a school function, but she angrily refuses to go.Tuzenbach, an army lieutenant, expresses his love for Natasha, but she expresses her disinterest in him. When Natasha enters, Olga feels sorry for her poor fashion sense and suggests that her belt does not match the rest of her clothes. When everyone else leaves for the dining room for the celebration, Andrei tells Natasha of his love for her and asks her to marry him. Act II Almost a year later, in mid-Fe bruary, Andrei and Natasha are married and living in the family house.The sisters have invited their friends and some performers from the carnival that is in town over to the house, but Natasha tells Andrei that she objects to letting them in because she is worried about the health of their baby, Bobik. Ferapont, an old servant, enters with paperwork for Andrei, who is the secretary of the county board. When they leave the room, Masha and Vershinin enter and discuss their love for each other. Irina and Tuzenbach enter; he still is in love with her, and she is still uninterested. They discuss the great gambling losses that Andrei has incurred.Vershinin is called away by a letter from his daughter, saying that his wife has attempted suicide once again. Solyony arrives, is rude to Natasha, and is threatening to Tuzenbach, the reason for which becomes clear later in the scene, when he expresses his love for Irina and vows to kill any rivals. Natasha has the carnival performers sent away when they show up at the door, and, while Irina is upset about Solyony's threatening words, asks her to move out of her bedroom and into Olga's so that the baby can have her room.She goes to the door when she hears a sleigh bell and comes back acting surprised that it is Protopopov, come to take her for a ride, explaining that she feels that she has to accept. Kulygin and Vershinin enter the scene again the former's meeting is over and the latter's wife is all right to find that everyone has gone. The scene ends with Olga complaining of her terrible headaches and Irina repeating her wish to return to Moscow. Act III Act III takes place nearly four years after the opening of the play; Irina, who was twenty then, tells Olga that she is â€Å"almost twenty-four† while explaining how washed up she feels.This act takes place in the bedroom Olga and Irina share, while a fire is spreading across the neighborhood outside. Olga is choosing clothes from her closet to give to the fire victims, who have lost all of their belongings. She has invited people who have been made homeless by the fire, particularly Vershinin and his family, to spend the night there, but when she enters Natasha objects, saying that she doesn't want her son and new daughter to be exposed to the flu. Natasha discussing firing Anfisa, the old nurse who, as Olga explains, has been with the family for thirty years.Kulygin enters, again unable to find Masha, and brings the news that the doctor, Chebutykin, is drunk. When he enters, feeling guilty about a patient that has died, Chebutykin picks up a clock that once belonged to the girls' mother and breaks it: in his embarrassment, while everyone is staring at him disapprovingly, he blurts out that Natasha and Protopopov are having an affair. When Masha arrives, she and Vershinin communicate to each other in code, with musical notes. Kulygin tells Masha how much he loves her, how important she is to him, but she asks him to leave her alone to res t for a short while.When everyone is gone, the sisters talk about how difficult their lives are and about how difficult Natasha has made Andrei's life. Olga's advice to Irina, who hates her job, is to marry Tuzenbach, whether she loves him or not. After Natasha passes through the room with a candle, Masha confesses to her sisters that she is in love with Vershinin. Andrei enters and tells them that he has mortgaged the house to pay his gambling debts and given control of his money to Natasha. Irina announces that she will marry Tuzenbach. Act IVAbout a year after the previous act, in the garden outside of the house. The soldiers have been assigned to a new post and are stopping by throughout this scene to say goodbye. There is gossip about a fight that took place the previous day outside of the theater, during which Solyony challenged Tuzenbach to a duel. Olga is living at the school where she teaches, and Irina is planning on leaving with Tuzenbach later that day for Moscow. Chebut ykin leaves to be a witness to the duel, and Andrei enters, pestered by his assistant to sign more and more paperwork for the county board.As Masha cries over being left by Vershinin, her husband, Kulygin, tries to comfort her, not admitting that he knows what she is upset about. Natasha already has plans for the rooms of the house being vacated: she is moving Andrei down to Irina's room, ever further from her own, so that her baby Irina can have his room. Word comes that Tuzenbach has been killed in the duel, and at the play's end Irina, Olga, and Masha think about the future, hoping that they may one day understand the meaning of it all. The Three Sisters IntroductionChekhov referred to  The Three Sisters  as a â€Å"drama,† preferring to avoid the more confining labels of either â€Å"comedy† or â€Å"tragedy,† although later critics have argued for both of those labels. It is one of the four major plays that he wrote at the end of his life. Chekhov was a n accomplished fiction writer, one of the one of the most influential short story writers of all time. At the time that his plays were being produced there was some criticism that his dramas too closely resembled the style of fiction.Traditionalists found the action too cramped and the characters too inexpressive, noting that there were too many people on the stage at any one time, doing nothing, for audiences to be able to register the significance of it all. Contrary to expectations, though, Chekhov's plays were very popular in Moscow, where they were staged by the famous Moscow Art Theatre under the direction of Constantin Stanislavsky. The Three Sisters  was the first play that Chekhov wrote specifically for the Moscow Art Theatre, having experienced commercial success in his previous collaborations with the company,  The Seagull  and  Uncle Vanya.Like many of Chekhov's works, it is about the decay of the privileged class in Russia and the search for meaning in the moder n world. In the play, Olga, Masha, and Irina are refined and cultured young women in their twenties who were raised in urban Moscow but have been living in a small, colorless provincial town for eleven years. With their father dead, their anticipated return to Moscow comes to represent their hopes for living a good life, while the ordinariness of day-to-day living tightens its hold. First performed in 1901,  The Three Sisters  is a perennial favorite of actors and audiences.The Three Sisters Author Biography Although Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was trained as a physician and practiced as one, he came to dominate not just one field of literature, but two: plays and short stories. He was born in 1860 in Taganrog, a provincial town in the Ukraine area of Russia that was similar to the one described in  The Three Sisters. His family had a small grocery business that went bankrupt, forcing them to move to Moscow in 1876, although Chekhov stayed behind in Taganrog to finish his educatio n. With a scholarship to Moscow University, he studied to be a doctor of medicine, going into practice in 1884.At that time he started publishing short humorous sketches in the Moscow newspapers, though he had no serious artistic aspirations. His writing career became earnest when he moved to St. Petersburg in 1885 and befriended the editor of a literary journal, who recognized his talent and encouraged him. He did write plays, and some of these were produced, but his most memorable work from that period were his short stories, and by late 1880s, he was one of the world's great masters of short story writing. It was in the late 1890s, when Chekhov became associated with the Moscow Art Theatre, that he reached full maturity as a playwright.The theater, under director Constantin Stanislavsky (whose theories about acting method are standard texts for theater students today), producedThe Seagull  in 1896, followed by  Uncle Vanya  (1899),  The Three Sisters(1901) and  The Cher ry Orchard  (1904). Chekhov was very involved in the Moscow Art Theatre's productions of his plays, offering suggestions for the actors and constantly rewriting passages. He courted an actress from the company, Olga Knipper, who played Masha in the original production of  The Three Sisters  (he wrote the part with her in mind); they were married in 1901, just four months after the play opened.During much of their marriage, they were apart, because Chekhov, suffering from tuberculosis since 1884, often went to country retreats for medical treatment. He died of tuberculosis in Yalta in 1904, when he was forty-four years old. Act 1, Part 1 Summary The classic Russian play  The Three Sisters  explores the lives and dreams of three sisters, their brother, their friends and their lovers. The play, like the characters, is moody and atmospheric, gently exploring themes relating to the human capacities for dreaming, inaction in the face of those dreams and despair when those dreams disappear.The first act is set in the drawing room of the home of the Prozoroff sisters, Olga, Masha and Irina. Conversation reveals that they're hosting a party in honor of Irina's Saint's Day. As they wait for their guests to arrive and lunch to be served, Olga recalls in detail the day, exactly a year ago, that their father died. Irina tells her to not think of it. Olga then recalls how the family left Moscow eleven years ago and says that even though it's a beautiful day, she longs to be back there. Tusenbach, Solyony and Chebutykin appear in the dining room, joking about how what is being said is all garbage.Masha whistles quietly to herself as she reads. Olga tells her to stop and says that even though teaching all day gives her headaches and even though she feels her strength draining away, her dreams of – Irina completes her thought, saying that their dreams of going to Moscow are stronger than ever. Chebutykin and Tusenbach laugh as Olga and Irina refer to Masha bei ng the only one who wouldn't be able to go. Irina then talks about how happy she's felt all day, referring to memories of her childhood. Olga talks about how well and happy Irina looks, how lovely Masha is, how their brother Andrei is aining weight and how she herself has gotten older and thinner. She then talks about how being away from the school makes her feel younger and freer. She wishes she'd been married, and she feels she could still be married, saying she'd love her husband. Tusenbach comes in, saying the conversation is nonsense. Tusenbach announces that the sisters will be receiving a visit later that day from their new commander, Vershinin. He describes him as nice but says he talks too much, particularly about his wife and children, and he describes the wife as being half-mad.Solyony comes in, talking to Chebutykin, who ignores him as he makes notes about the components of a medication in a little notebook. Irina goes to him, talking about how happy she is and describin g herself as a little white bird. She has realized that the purpose and happiness of life can be found in hard, physical work. Olga jokes that Irina spends so much time lying in bed thinking, and Irina tells her to think of her as a woman now and not a little girl. Tusenbach talks at length about how he too longs for work.He was born and raised in an aristocratic family, and he feels some kind of storm of change is coming, change that will wipe out laziness, indifference and boredom. He says that in twenty-five years everyone will be working, and Solyony jokes that in twenty-five years Tusenbach will be dead, perhaps even shot by him. Chebutykin talks about how he doesn't really work, saying that since he left university he hasn't read anything but newspapers. A knock is heard, Chebutykin says he's being called downstairs and rushes out.Irina, Tusenbach and Olga talk about how he seems to be up to something, referring to how he always brings Irina extravagant presents. Masha stands and prepares to go, saying she'll be back later and recalling the exciting parties they had when their father was alive. She talks about feeling depressed, and Olga says tearfully that she understands. Solyony jokes about how annoying it is when a woman talks philosophical thoughts, and Masha speaks angrily to them both. Anfisa comes in, followed by Ferapont, who's carrying a large cake. Anfisa announces that the cake came from Protopopov, the Chairman of the District Council.The hard-of-hearing Ferapont can't make out Irina's message of thanks. Olga tells Ferapont and Anfisa to get some lunch in the kitchen, and they go out. Masha says she doesn't like Protopopov, and Irina says he wasn't invited to the party. Chebutykin comes in with a large silver samovar. As the sisters react with embarrassment and Tusenbach laughs, Chebutykin says the girls are all he has in the world. He's an old man, and he loved their mother. Finally, he says that there's nothing wrong with giving expensive presents to people one loves.Act 1, Part 1 Analysis Like most of the full-length plays by this playwright, the dramatic and thematic content of this play is revealed in subtle ways, with its meaning defined by its sense of mood, atmosphere and character. This makes it very different from plays defined by active plots, increasing emotional tension and vivid symbolism. All three elements are present in  The Three Sisters, but they are less relevant to the play's meaning than its overall sense of tone, its gently pointed observations about human nature and its juxtapositions.For example, even though Olga's memories, Irina's dreams and Masha's moods are all very real and very vivid, their true nature is revealed by the repeated comments from the men about conversations being nonsense and garbage. The audience knows perfectly well that they're talking about their own conversations, but because they're carefully juxtaposed with speeches from the sisters, we also know that the playwright is telling us that ultimately, everything the women are saying is nonsense.In other words, their dreams are empty. In spite of the women talking about wanting to go to Moscow, the men are indirectly saying they're never going to get there. As the play continues, we learn why. They're unwilling and/or unable to actually do anything in order to get there. This is the play's central comment about human nature, that extravagant dreams are all well and good but that action must be taken in order to make those dreams reality. Several elements of foreshadowing appear in this scene.These include Solyony's reference to shooting Tusenbach, which foreshadows Tusenbach's death at the end of the play, and also Tusenbach's reference to Vershinin and his family, which foreshadows Vershinin's imminent appearance and the appearance of his family in the sisters' home in Act 3. Other foreshadowing includes the mention of Protopopov, a character who plays an unseen role in the development of the futur e relationship between Andrei and his wife. Two aspects of Russian life play important roles in this scene.The first is the reference to Irina's name day, a celebration of the saint from whom Irina received one of her names. The giving of children the name of a saint is a Russian tradition. The second aspect of Russian life mentioned here is the samovar, a large heated urn in which tea is brewed and served. Because they're usually made of a less expensive metal than silver, Chebutykin's gift is truly extravagant and inappropriate coming from someone who isn't either wealthy or a member of the immediate family. Act 1, Part 2 Summary Anfisa comes in, announcing Vershinin's arrival.As she goes out, urging Irina to behave herself, Vershinin comes in, exclaiming that he's very glad to be there and referring to his memories of having met the sisters when they were little girls. He comments on how time passes. He explains that he knew their father when they were both in Moscow, says he rem embers Masha's face a bit and talks about how he used to visit them all. As Irina and Olga talk about how they'll be back in Moscow by the fall, Masha suddenly recalls Vershinin's visits and how they always used to call him â€Å"the lovesick major† because he was always in love with someone or other.As Vershinin laughs, Masha becomes tearful about how old he now looks. Olga says he doesn't look old at all, and Vershinin says he's only forty-three. He and the sisters talk about which streets they used to live on, with Vershinin recalling a bridge near his home and how â€Å"a lonely man feels sick at heart there. † He quickly changes his mood, talking about the wonderful river running through their small town and how beautiful the climate is. The train station is far away, and nobody knows why. Solyony makes a bad joke, and there is an awkward silence. Then Olga says that she too recalls Vershinin.He says he knew their mother, and Chebutykin talks about how beautiful s he was. Irina mentions that she's buried in Moscow, and Masha says she's starting to forget her face. This leads Vershinin into a long speech about how everyone will be forgotten someday. What's important will one day be insignificant, and their lives will be considered idle. Tusenbach suggests that perhaps their lives will be recalled with respect. Solyony teases him, and Tusenbach asks him to go. When Solyony persists, Tusenbach keeps talking, and Chebutykin jokes about how small people are in general and how small he is in particular.A violin is heard, and the sisters explain that it's being played by Andrei, whom they say is going to be a professor. They also talk about how they've been teasing him for being in love with a local girl, with Masha going on at some length about how vulgar she is and about how she's heard the girl is engaged to Protopopov. She then calls Andrei, who comes in and is introduced to Vershinin. When he hears Vershinin is from Moscow, Andrei jokes that hi s sisters will now never leave him alone. The sisters tease their brother, and he becomes upset.The girls joke that they used to tease Vershinin and that he never minded. Andrei makes them stop, explaining he had an unsettled night and that his lack of sleep has kept him from doing what he really wants to do, translate a book into English. He says their father had high expectations of all his children, and he (Andrei) has gained weight since his father's death as though he's been freed from carrying a heavy load. All the children know several languages, and Andrei refers particularly to Irina knowing Italian. Masha talks about how useless knowing so many languages is.This leads Vershinin to talk at length about how even in their small town, their knowledge will slowly gain influence. Over the years, that influence will grow to the point where the town is populated by people like them. He says that life is meant to be beautiful and that their knowledge is the seed of the beautiful li fe to come. Masha announces she's staying to lunch. Tusenbach starts talking about how that beautiful life must be earned and worked for. Vershinin talks about how beautiful the sisters' home is. Tusenbach tries again to talk about the value of work.Vershinin talks about how he often wonders what would happen if life could be started anew and says that if he had the chance, he'd create a life in which he lived in a house like that of the sisters. Vershinin mentions his wife and daughters and says he wouldn't marry. Act 1, Part 2 Analysis The key element of this section is the introduction of Vershinin and the repeated foreshadowing of his eventual affair with Masha. He and Masha share recollections of each other, and he is also referred to as the lovesick major.His reference to a lonely man, which the audience can easily understand from the context of what he says as a reference to himself, and Masha's sudden change of heart about staying for lunch provide additional foreshadowing. Their relationship is also foreshadowed in Vershinin's comments about wanting to start a new life, something that both he and Masha clearly want to do, as the continuing action of the play reveals. Vershinin's reasons are revealed through his conversation, while Masha's reasons are revealed as the result of the entrance of her husband, who appears at the beginning of the final section of this act.Another piece of foreshadowing is Andrei's reference to Irina's knowledge of Italian, which foreshadows her emotional breakdown later in the play when she laments having forgotten all her Italian. Also, Solyony's continued teasing of Tusenbach continues to foreshadow Tusenbach' eventual death. Finally, the sisters' teasing of Andrei about Natasha foreshadows her entrance and their eventual marriage, while Masha's reference to the rumors about Natasha and Protopopov foreshadow developments later in the play that imply they're having an affair.Vershinin's comments and observations about the f uture can easily be interpreted as some kind of thematic statement. The same point could be made in terms of Tusenbach and Irina's comments about the value of work. They are related to the play's theme, but not in the way they might at first seem. Both men are, in essence, saying that they don't want to live the lives they're living. This state of being, or perhaps non-being might be a better phrase, is also true of the three sisters.Olga and Irina are desperate to live lives in Moscow, and Masha (as we'll see) is equally desperate to live any kind of life as long as it doesn't involve her husband. In short, none of the play's central characters want to live the lives in which they find themselves, a situation that also becomes true of Andrei and Natasha later in the play. The action of the play, such as it is, reveals how these dreams of escape are all futile because, as previously discussed, the characters don't really do anything to bring them to reality. Tusenbach and Irina do g et jobs, and Masha and Vershinin have an affair.However, Irina never does anything to try to get to Moscow, and neither does Olga. By the same token, Vershinin and Masha have their fling, but at the end of the play, they return to life with their respective spouses. Later in the play, the audience also sees how Andrei's dreams of success have evaporated, and he finds himself completely dominated by his wife. Only Natasha, ironically enough, gets everything she wants, but the point here is that she gets it because she works for it, fights for it and doesn't stop until she gets it. She has bad manners. She's pushy, and she's selfish.However, she realizes her dreams. Do the other characters need to be more pushy and more selfish? They may or may not. The dramatic point of the play is not whether selfishness and pushiness are virtues but rather that the characters need to dosomething. The thematic point of the play, therefore, is that all human beings need to work for something. Otherwi se, life will end up as hollow as those of the three sisters and their men. Act 1, Part 3 Summary Kulygin comes in, greets Irina, gives her a little book he wrote detailing the history of the school where he and Olga both teach and introduces himself to Vershinin.Irina tells Kulygin he already gave her a copy of the book. Kulygin takes the book from her and gives it to Vershinin. Vershinin prepares to go, but Olga and Irina insist he join them for lunch. He agrees to stay and goes with Olga into the dining room in the back. Kulygin chatters about the tradition of Sunday rest. He comments on how the rugs should be cleaned, how life must be ordered, how glad he is that Masha loves him, how the curtains should be cleaned and how he and Masha have been invited to join the director of the school for a walk.Masha irritably says she's not going, refusing to explain why. Kulygin talks about his plans to join the director at his home in the evening and comments that the clock is fast. Andrei 's violin is heard as Olga calls everyone in to lunch. As they all go in, Masha sternly tells Chebutykin to not drink. Chebutykin says it's been two years since he was drunk, but Masha says again he shouldn't drink at all. She then complains about having to go to the director's again. Tusenbach and Chebutykin advise her to not go, and she goes into the dining room, complaining about how awful her life is.Solyony teases Tusenbach again. Kulygin drinks a toast to how wonderful Masha is. Vershinin talks about how good he feels being in the house, and they all prepare to sit down to lunch. In the drawing room, Irina comments to Tusenbach on Masha's bad mood, saying she's not happy with Kulygin. Olga calls to Andrei, and he comes in as Irina talks about how uneasy she feels around Solyony. Tusenbach talks about how he feels sorry for Solyony. He's fine when they're alone together, but when they're around people, Solyony becomes crude and bullying.Tusenbach then talks about how much he lo ves Irina, saying his desire for work is bound up with his desire to make a beautiful life for her. Irina tearfully says life isn't beautiful for her or her sisters, saying she feels like grass stifled by weeds. She talks about needing to work, saying she comes from a family that has always despised work. Natasha rushes in, checks herself in a mirror, congratulates Irina and greets Tusenbach. Olga comes in and greets her, commenting that her clothes don't match. Natasha wonders whether it's a kind of omen, but Olga says it just looks odd.She leads Natasha into the dining room as Kulygin toasts a future fiancy for Irina. He and Chebutykin joke about how she's already got a fiancy, and Masha demands a drink. Solyony jokes that the liqueur is made of cockroaches, and Olga invites everyone to come for dinner. Chebutykin jokes about how everyone is made for love, and Andrei loses his temper. Fedotik and Rode arrive. Fedotik takes a lot of pictures, and he offers Irina a toy top. Kulygin jokes about how there are thirteen people at the table, and he says that that means there are lovers there.He jokes that one of them is Chebutykin, who in turn jokes about why Natasha's suddenly embarrassed. Natasha runs into the drawing room, and Andrei runs after her. Natasha says she couldn't help running off, adding that she knows that it's bad manners but just couldn't stay. Andrei comforts her and moves her to a window where they can't be seen. He talks about how wonderful her youth is and how much in love with her he is. Then, he proposes marriage and kisses her. Act 1, Part 3 Analysis The third section of the act develops several key relationships.The first is the romantic triangle involving Vershinin, Masha and Kulygin, whose pedantic boorishness is so vividly portrayed that the audience immediately understands why Masha finds the intelligent and apparently more sensitive Vershinin so attractive. The second is the relationship between Natasha and Andrei, which is something of a mystery. We wonder, as perhaps the three sisters do, why he finds her attractive. The answer might be found in the previously discussed point about Natasha's determination. She may dress badly, but she's got spirit.This is indicated by the way she gets herself away from an uncomfortable situation, as opposed to putting up with it the way that â€Å"ladies† like the three sisters might. The idea is supported later in the play by the way Andrei remains something of a non-entity, with no real career and no personality. In other words, he's attracted to her get up and go, mostly because his own got away. The third relationship developed is that of Tusenbach and Irina. Tusenbach is revealed as a thorough romantic, passionately idealistic in a way none of the characters are. They have dreams and longings, while he has goals and at least a degree of zeal.He believes in his dreams more strongly and actually makes at least some effort to bring them to fruition. He confesses his l ove to Irina and actually gets a job, but like the other characters, he doesn't go all the way. Throughout the play, he seems content to wait for Irina to come to him in the same way as he seems prepared to wait for the future, as opposed to moving directly and determinedly into it. As for Irina, her tearfulness in their conversation suggests that her earlier radiant happiness was actually a mask and that she actually is beginning to despair that her life is never going to be what she dreams.The despair hasn't yet taken over completely. That comes in Act 3, when the world around her is literally destroyed by fire in the same way as her inner, dream-filled world has been destroyed by pointless work, frustrated dreams and the banality of people around her, particularly Natasha. Nevertheless, the seeds of despair are planted in this scene and grow throughout the play. The other key piece of foreshadowing here, aside from the glimpse of Irina's despair, is Masha's reference to Chebutyki n's drinking.This foreshadows his appearance in Act 3, Part 1, in which he refers to having killed a patient after operating on her while drunk. Act 2, Part 1 Summary This act also takes place in the drawing/dining room, some months after the events of Act 1. Natasha comes in, searching to ensure no servants have left any candles burning. She calls to Andrei, who comes in. Conversation reveals that it's Carnival Week. Olga now works at the Teacher's Council office, and Irina works at the telegraph office. Andrei and Natasha now are married and have a child, Bobik, over whom Natasha worries excessively.She tells Andrei she doesn't want the maskers to stop by, saying they'll disturb Bobik's rest. Andrei reminds her they were invited and that the decision is really up to his sisters, who are still mistresses of the house. Natasha says she'll tell them as well and talks about her plans to move Bobik into Irina's room and Irina into Olga's room. After asking why Andrei isn't saying anyth ing, she tells him Ferapont has come with a message from the council. Andrei tells her to tell Ferapont to come in, and Natasha goes. A moment later, Ferapont comes in with some papers and a book.Andrei looks at the papers, commenting as he does about how surprised he is at how life changes. He refers to a book of university lectures he's been reading. He has been named secretary to the council run by Protopopov, and the most he can realistically be now is actually on the council. He still dreams of being a famous lecturer at Moscow University, though. Ferapont comments that he doesn't really hear what Andrei is saying, but Andrei says if he could hear properly, he (Andrei) wouldn't be talking, adding that his wife never listens and that he's afraid his sisters will laugh at them.He reminisces about his days in Moscow, saying that there nobody knows you but you're not a stranger, while here everybody knows him but he's a total stranger. After chatting briefly about whether Ferapont was ever in Moscow, Andrei tells him he can go and then goes back into his own room. Masha and Vershinin come in from another direction, in the middle of a conversation about the bad manners of the people of the town as opposed to the good manners Masha is used to dealing with from her father's fellow soldiers. She also talks about how she married Kulygin when she was eighteen.She was both afraid of him and impressed by him because he was a schoolteacher, but she has since become completely disillusioned. She talks about how miserable she is when she's with his boorish colleagues, leading Vershinin to talk about how everyone in the town, military or otherwise, is as uninteresting as everyone else. He wonders aloud why Russians are such lofty thinkers but live such low, worn out lives. Masha asks why he's unhappy, and he explains that one of his daughters is unwell and that his wife is in a very bad mood.He kisses her hand and apologizes for talking so much, but he says he's got nobo dy in his life other than her. Masha refers to the spooky sound of the wind in the stove, but he goes on talking about how wonderful and beautiful she is and saying how much he loves her. At first she tells him to stop, and then she tells him to keep going. When she sees Irina and Tusenbach coming, she tells him again to stop. As Tusenbach and Irina come in, Tusenbach is talking about how he has a German name but is truly Russian at heart.Irina complains that she's tired, but he doesn't appear to notice, talking about how he'll gladly see her home every night. As he greets Masha and Vershinin, Irina talks about how she was rude to a customer at the telegraph office for no reason, and she asks whether the maskers are coming. Masha confirms that they are, and Irina again says she's tired. Masha jokes that she's starting to look like a boy, and Irina says the mindlessness and soullessness of the work is really starting to get to her. There's a knock on the floor, and Irina understands it to be a signal from Chebutykin, asking if he can come up.She tells Tusenbach to answer and then tells Masha that Chebutykin and Andrei were out gambling again and lost a lot of money. She talks about her continuing dream of going to Moscow, saying she's planning to leave in a few months. Masha comments that Natasha mustn't hear about Andrei's losses, and Irina says it wouldn't matter. Chebutykin comes in and sits at the dining room table. Masha and Irina talk about how he hasn't paid any rent in months. When he calls Irina to join him, she joins him at the table and begins playing solitaire. Act 2, Part 1 AnalysisIn the first part of this section, the audience sees Natasha's previously discussed determination in action as she overrides the wishes of her husband and his sisters about the maskers and makes plans to override their lives even more. In short, she is pursuing what she wants in a way that Andrei has clearly never done. It's also becoming clear that his sisters have neve r done things that way either. The contrast between Natasha and the Prozoroffs is further defined by the way Andrei simply talks about how unhappy he is even while Natasha is acting to improve and/or change her life.Andrei's capacity for, and habit of, talking rather than actually acting is repeated in this section by Irina. It's important to note that even though she talks about leaving for Moscow in a few months, there is no actual evidence that she's doing anything about it. There is no evidence of tickets or packing, and she has no real plans of any kind. The audience sees her being sucked into the same kind of dull, repetitive work that Olga refers to in Act 1 as sapping her of her strength and her will. This is a development in her personality that even Tusenbach's protestations of love and Masha's teasing about her looks seem unable to slow.In contrast to Irina's tiredness, Andrei's dullness and the way they both complain, Masha's flirting with Vershinin stands out as the onl y effort being made by anyone in the Prozoroff family to create desired change in her life. She wants to escape, somehow, from her husband, and she is making carefully modulated overtures to Vershinin so that he will help her get away, whether emotionally, sexually or intellectually. For his part, Vershinin is also making an effort to get out of his misery. His romantic proclamations perform the same unction for him as they do for her, drawing them both out of the lives they can't bear to live and into an existence where there is both excitement and intimacy. As previously discussed, however, they both escape only to a point. Foreshadowing in this scene includes the reference to Protopopov, which foreshadows Natasha's taking a ride with him later in the act, and Irina's despair, which foreshadows her emotional breakdown in the following act. Act 2, Part 2 Summary Vershinin suggests that he, Tusenbach and Masha imagine what life will be like in two hundred years.Tusenbach suggests th at in spite of there being great technological advances, human beings will be exactly the same, complaining about how empty life is and being afraid to die. Vershinin says, as he did in Act 1, Part 2, that life will be very different in two hundred years and that work must begin now to prepare. He adds that there can be no true happiness in the present but there will be in the future, â€Å"for the descendants of [his] descendants. † Fedotik and Rode join Irina and Chebutykin in the dining room as Tusenbach asks what Vershinin would say if Tusenbach claimed to be already happy.Vershinin says he can't be. As Masha laughs quietly, Tusenbach says again life will never change. Birds will migrate the same way, and philosophers will philosophize the same way. Ultimately, he says, life has no meaning. Masha says she believes that life has to have some meaning, or else it's all waste. Vershinin says it's a shame that youth passes, and Tusenbach says it's difficult to argue with them. In the dining room, Chebutykin comments on an article in the paper that he's reading and makes a note in his little book. Tusenbach tells Masha he's resigned from the military.Masha says she doesn't like civilians, and the audience realizes that she's referring back to her earlier conversation with Vershinin, in which she said she prefers soldiers to civilians. Tusenbach talks about how he's looking forward to working hard and joins Irina in the dining room just as Fedotik is giving her some crayons. She complains about how he always treats her like a child, but then she laughs with joy at the pretty colors. The samovar is brought in, and Anfisa pours tea. Solyony comes into the dining room. Natasha also comes in, and several conversations continue at the same time.As Vershinin and Masha talk about the wind, Irina says her game of solitaire will come out, but Fedotik says it won't, joking that it means she won't be going to Moscow. Meanwhile, Chebutykin reads aloud from his newspap er, and Anfisa brings tea to Vershinin and Masha. Natasha chatters to Solyony about how special Bobik is, and Solyony makes a crude joke about how all children should be cooked and eaten. Vershinin tells Masha a story about a prisoner who said he never noticed the beauty of bird song until he was in jail, and who then said once he was released, he went back to not noticing.He says that in the same way, once Masha is in Moscow, she won't notice its beauty, saying again that happiness doesn't exist; we just long for it. Anfisa brings him a note. He reads it and then tells Masha his wife has again tried to commit suicide. He goes out, and Anfisa complains that he hasn't finished his tea. Masha loses her temper and goes into the dining room. Andrei calls for Anfisa, and she goes out to him as Masha messes up Irina's game of solitaire. Irina becomes upset. Chebutykin makes a joke, and Natasha asks why she makes herself look so ugly.She says Irina would be charming if she didn't speak so crudely and that Irina speaks in very bad French. Tusenbach and the others can barely restrain their laughter. Natasha again becomes embarrassed and goes out. Irina asks where Vershinin went. Masha explains that something happened with his wife as Tusenbach goes to Solyony, offers him a drink and offers to make peace and be friends. Solyony says there's no need to make peace, saying there's no quarrel. He goes on to say he's fine when he's alone with someone, but when he's with large groups of people, he can't help behaving strangely.He also says he doesn't dislike Tusenbach and that he makes the comments he does just because he's moody. Andrei comes in, sitting quietly with his book of lectures as Tusenbach tells Solyony he's resigning from the military. Solyony tells him to give up on his dreams and then interrupts as Chebutykin and Irina pass by, talking about the ingredients of a stew. Solyony says Chebutykin has the name of one of the ingredients wrong. He and Solyony argue, an d Andrei asks them to be quiet. Tusenbach asks when the maskers are coming, and Irina says they'll be there soon.Chebutykin and Tusenbach sing and dance in the way the maskers would. Tusenbach then promises to go to the university with Andrei, leading to an argument with Solyony about how many universities there are. After insisting there are two and being ignored, Solyony leaves the room. Tusenbach applauds his leaving and then sits at a piano and plays. As Masha sings and dances by herself, Natasha has a quiet word with Chebutykin and then goes out. Chebutykin then whispers to Tusenbach, who stops playing. Chebutykin tells Irina they need to go.Irina asks why they aren't staying for the maskers, and Andrei sheepishly confesses that the maskers aren't coming because Natasha doesn't want them around when Bobik's not well. Masha suggests it's Natasha who's not well, in the head. Andrei goes out, and Chebutykin follows him. Fedotik and Rode say their farewells and go, and Masha and Ir ina follow them to the door. Act 2, Part 2 Analysis In the same way as the comments of Vershinin, Tusenbach and Irina in Act 1, Part 2 might be interpreted as making thematic statements, comments made by several characters in this scene might be interpreted the same way.These include Vershinin's comments that life will change, Tusenbach' comments that life will never change and is ultimately meaningless, Masha's comments that life must have meaning and Vershinin' story about the prisoner and the birds. The point must be made, however, that philosophical comments made by characters aren't necessarily the philosophical comments of the play. In fact, the point made by all these philosophical conversations is related to the point made earlier – that these characters are talkers rather than doers, intellectuals and dreamers as opposed to actual participants in life.It's true that they participate to a point. Tusenbach resigns from the military, and Vershinin and Masha seduce each other. In general, though, their efforts are pretty minimal. They don't really want to make a change, an idea born out by the way Irina at first resents being treated like a child by Fedotik and then turns around and reacts with very childlike happiness at his little gift. Later in this act, the audience sees again how Natasha is a very different character, doing exactly what she wants and not really thinking at all.Other than the philosophies of the various characters, what's particularly noteworthy about this section of the act is its busyness. Many things seem to be going on at the same time. Aside from creating an effectively realistic portrayal of what happens with large parties – as smaller parties form and individuals move from group to group – the sequence gives a clear sense of the kind of lives these characters live. The audience experiences them becoming involved in petty arguments and minor joys, in discussions about large subjects that actually perform the trivial unction of killing time and in spontaneous music and dancing that is actually an expression of frustration and loneliness. What they're doing is actually important because they're all just waiting, and not just for the maskers. The maskers, in fact, are a symbol of what they're truly waiting for – the future, the chance to feel and hearing someone to say something loving to them. It's no coincidence, therefore, that the maskers come but are sent away. This represents the way the future comes but isn't being faced head on by anyone but Natasha, who faces both the maskers and the future with equal determination.It's this sense of a lack of importance to life, this sense of futility in her activities and those of the people around her, that leads Irina to her moment of climactic frustration at the end of the act and contributes to her emotional breakdown in Act 3. Act 2, Part 3 Summary Chebutykin and Andrei come back in, dressed to go out. Chebutykin talks about how he never married because he never had time and because he was in love with Andrei's mother. Andrei says marriage is boring, but Chebutykin says it's worse to be lonely. Andrei urges him to hurry, saying he's afraid Natasha will stop them.The audience understands that the two of them are going out gambling again. As they go out, Andrei asks Chebutykin what he should do about his shortness of breath. Chebutykin says he doesn't know, adding that he's forgotten everything about being a doctor. After Andrei and Chebutykin are gone, laughter is heard from outside. Irina and Anfisa come in from separate entrances, and Irina says the maskers must be sent away. As Anfisa goes out, Solyony comes in, apologizing for his behavior and saying he deeply loves Irina. Even though she tells him to leave her alone, he talks about how beautiful she is.Finally, her anger gets through to him. He says that even though he's professing noble emotions, it's as though he's not in the room and promises to kill an y rival for her love. He repeats that he loves her. Natasha passes through wearing her dressing gown and becoming embarrassed when she sees Solyony. Solyony goes out, and Natasha comments on how tired Irina looks, suggesting that Irina think about moving in with Olga so that Bobik can have her room. Irina doesn't seem to be listening. A maid comes in and tells Natasha that Protopopov has come to take her for a ride in his carriage.She laughs about how silly men are and tells the maid to tell Protopopov she's coming. She goes out to get ready as Kulygin and Vershinin come in, wondering what happened to the party, looking for Masha and asking why Protopopov is downstairs. Olga also comes in, complaining about how her head aches and talking about how much money Andrei has lost in gambling. Vershinin says his wife is all right. In passing, he mentions the possibility that his regiment will be ordered to leave and asks Kulygin to go out somewhere with him because he can't bear to go home .Kulygin at first says he doesn't want to go but then says he needs to leave, disappointed at the party not happening. He goes out, followed by Vershinin. Olga talks again about her headache. She says the whole town is gossiping about Andrei and she's looking forward to her day off, and then she goes out. Irina comments that everyone has gone. Natasha passes through on her way out, telling her maid she'll be back in half an hour. After she's gone, Irina says to herself, â€Å"To Moscow! To Moscow! To Moscow! † Act 2, Part 3 Analysis Once again in this section the audience sees the characters filling in time.Specifically, Chebutykin and Andrei fill the emptiness and loneliness of their lives with gambling. In their conversation, we also understand for the first time a little more of why Chebutykin is so devoted to the family, and particularly to Irina. His love for them is an outlet for the love he felt for their mother. Love also appears, much more surprisingly, in the conver sation between Solyony and Irina. Up to this point, Solyony might easily have been perceived as being eccentric and angry, but essentially harmless and just a little irritating.At this point, however, he is easily among the most passionate and deeply feeling characters in the play. Unlike the longings of many of the others, which are expressed in terms that come across as either watery or intellectual, Solyony's passion comes across as deeply felt and almost dangerously intense. The fact that Natasha interrupts his conversation with Irina is no coincidence. Natasha and Solyony are both ruthless in their pursuit of what they want and dream of. The fact that Solyony doesn't actually get it is irrelevant.He feels strongly enough to say he'll kill, and he will actually follow through in a way that few of the other characters follow through on their dreams. Irina's crying out for Moscow is a response to everything she's experienced in this act, her fatigue and disillusionment in Part 1, the relative emptiness of the lives lived (including her own) in Part 2 and her distaste for Solyony in this section. She is clearly in despair and sees escape to Moscow as her only hope. Later in the play, however, it becomes clear that she will never actually go.She gets more and more frustrated and disillusioned, but she never, ever goes. The question of why not is answered by the previously discussed idea that she, like so many other characters in the play, is a thinker and dreamer, not a doer. Making her dreams come true is perhaps too hard for her, or maybe she doesn't really know how, her mind having been filled with several languages at the expense of practicality, determination and coping skills. Whatever the reason, her final words represent the present despair felt by Olga, Vershinin, Masha, Solyony and Andrei, and the deeper despair to come for all of them.In fact, in the cries of this idealistic young woman, the audience can hear the cry of every human being that hopes his or her dreams will once, just once, come true. Conversely, in her lack of action we see how the choices of every human being determine whether that actually happens. Act 3, Part 1 Summary The third act is set in what has become Olga and Irina's bedroom, at around three in the morning. Fire alarms ring offstage. Masha lies on a sofa as Olga and Anfisa enter, and conversation reveals that there has been a major fire in the town.As Olga goes through her clothes looking for things she can give to the fire's victims, Anfisa talks about two little girls downstairs, imagining that their father has been killed. Olga comments that Vershinin's house has been almost completely destroyed and that Fedotik's home has burned to the ground. She calls for help with the clothes, and a moment later Ferapont comes in and takes out an armful, commenting as he goes on a fire in Moscow that he survived. After he's gone, Olga tiredly tells Anfisa to give everything away, makes arrangements for the Vers hinin family to sleep there and comments that Chebutykin has gotten very drunk.Anfisa worries that there are plans being made to send her away, but Olga reassures her and tells her to sit and rest. Natasha comes in chattering about how a society for the relief of those left homeless should be formed. Conversation reveals that she's had another child, Sophie, and that Natasha is worried about her catching influenza from one of the many strangers in the house. She looks at herself in the mirror and compliments herself on how well she's kept her figure, and then she shouts at Anfisa for sitting down when she's in the room.Anfisa goes out. Natasha complains to Olga that Anfisa is useless and then comments on how tired Olga looks. Conversation reveals that there's an election coming up for the position of headmistress at the school. Natasha is convinced Olga will get it, and Olga doesn't want it. Olga tells Natasha she was too rude to Anfisa. Natasha apologizes, and Masha goes out, angry at being disturbed. Olga tells Natasha that rude language upsets her, and Natasha again apologizes. Then, she says Anfisa really should be living in the country because she doesn't really work.As the fire alarm bell rings again, Natasha talks at length about how she's running the house while Olga is working at the school. She calls Anfisa names, loses her temper and says that by the next day Anfisa will be gone. As Natasha goes out, Kulygin comes in looking for Masha. Conversation reveals that only one section of town has been destroyed. Kulygin mentions that if he hadn't married Masha he'd have wanted to marry Olga. In a moment of quiet they hear Chebutykin coming, comment on how drunk he is and then hide themselves so that they don't embarrass him.A moment later Chebutykin comes in and washes his hands as he speaks to himself about how he remembers nothing about being a doctor, recalling a patient he was treating recently who died. Olga slips out of the room as Chebutykin looks a t himself in a mirror and wonders whether he's really a man anymore and whether he truly exists. He starts weeping as he wishes he didn't exist. He recalls a conversation at his club during which people were talking about well known writers. He didn't know any of them but pretended he did. He talks about the banality of life and again recalls the patient he killed.Irina, Vershinin and Tusenbach come in, with Tusenbach wearing new and stylish civilian clothes. Vershinin talks about how much of the town was saved because of the efforts of the soldiers, and Irina refers to how many of them, including Solyony, are sitting in the dining room. She also tells Chebutykin to go to bed. Chebutykin says he's all right, and Kulygin comes forward and jokes about how drunk he is. Tusenbach talks about being asked to produce a benefit concert for the refugees from the fire. He suggests that Masha should play the piano as part of it, but Irina says she's forgotten how to play.Kulygin talks about ho w much he loves Masha but says the director of the school might not think her participation is appropriate. Chebutykin picks up a small china clock and studies it as Vershinin mentions that he's heard rumors their brigade is being transferred. Tusenbach says that when they go the town will be empty, but Irina says it won't matter since they're going to Moscow. Chebutykin drops the clock, and it shatters. As Irina says the clock belonged to her mother, Chebutykin suggests philosophically that perhaps it didn't really exist and that nobody really exists.He wonders why people are staring at him, shouts that Natasha is having an affair with Protopopov and nobody knows or cares and then goes out. After commenting on how strange the situation is, Vershinin tells how he ran home when the fire started. He found his wife missing and his little girls terrified and wondered how much more they'd have to suffer. He grabbed them and ran and then discovered his wife at the Prozoroff house. Masha c omes back in and lies down as Vershinin continues, comparing the fire with what happens when enemies at war make sudden raids on each other.He then refers again to his idea that in a few hundred years people will look back on the life they're leading and laugh, and he says again that Irina and her sisters are in the forefront of the process of transformation. He begins to sing. Masha joins in, and Fedotik rushes in, laughing strangely at how everything he owns has been destroyed. Solyony follows, and Irina tells him to go away. Solyony complains about how Tusenbach can come in while he can't, while Vershinin and Masha continue to sing. Solyony makes fun of Tusenbach, and then he, Vershinin and Fedotik go out. Act 3, Part 1 AnalysisAs previously discussed in the analysis of Act 1, Part 3, the destruction caused by the fire represents the destruction of the dreams and hopes of those who continue to have them: the Prozoroff sisters, Tusenbach, Vershinin, Andrei and, to an extent, even Solyony. Those dreams aren't completely destroyed quite yet. Irina still dreams of going to Moscow, and Vershinin and Masha are continuing to flirt with each other, presumably still in the hope that their relationship will alleviate their unhappiness. Also, Solyony is clearly still drawn to Irina, and Tusenbach still has dreams of fulfillment in work and of happiness with Irina.Only Andrei, as will become clear in the second part of this act, has no dreams left at all. Even though the dreams of the others remain, there is the powerful sense in this scene that the destruction of those dreams is both imminent and inevitable, a sense conveyed not only by the fire but also by several other factors. The first factor conveying the hopelessness of the characters' dreams is Natasha's reference to Olga becoming headmistress, which is particularly noteworthy because Natasha seems determined Olga will get the job.The audience has seen what happens when Natasha is determined about something. Th e second factor is the appearance of Chebutykin, which functions on several levels. His drunken musings on his loss of identity represent the way that Irina and the others, who define their identities by their dreams, will lose their identities once their dreams fade away in the same way as Chebutykin's knowledge, which has defined his identity as a doctor. Another level of symbolism in this scene can be found in his accidental destruction of the clock.Because of its association with the Prozoroffs' mother, the woman Chebutykin loved and dreamed of marrying, its destruction symbolizes the destruction of his dreams of happiness and, therefore, symbolizes the destruction of the dreams of the others. Several characters seem to take the fire and its destructive consequences in their stride. This is perhaps because their dreams and goals are being fulfilled (Natasha), because they don't have dreams for a life beyond their own (Kulygin) or because their dreams are so relatively insignific ant to them that their destruction doesn't really matter (Fedotik).For those who continue to dream of a transformed life and continue to have those dreams unfulfilled, the physical devastation caused by the fire and the emotional devastation of its victims clearly and vividly foreshadow the spiritual devastation the many dreamers in this play are about to encounter. Are the characters aware of this connection? It seems as though on a subconscious, spiritual level, they just might be. This is another example of the way meaning in this play can be defined by subtext and juxtaposition, as opposed to overt action and direct comment or revelation by the characters.One final piece of foreshadowing occurs in Vershinin' passing mention of the rumor that he and his brigade are going to be transferred. This is the second time such a rumor has been mentioned, the first being in Act 2, Part 3. The first time the transfer never actually comes to pass, but in Act 4, this time the rumors will prov e to be true. Act 3, Part 2 Summary Irina discovers Tusenbach has fallen asleep. As he wakes, he talks briefly about how he's soon to start a new job at a brickyard. He then talks about how beautiful Irina is, his hopes for living and working with her and his memories of how happy she was on her Name Day (in Act 1).He comments that morning has begun and muses romantically about giving his life for her. As he talks, Masha repeatedly tells him to go out, and finally he does. She also suggests that Kulygin should go home. He repeatedly tells her how much he loves her and how content and happy he is, but Masha talks about how bored she is. She also talks angrily about how much debt Andrei is in and how he's allowing Natasha to control money and property that by rights should be controlled by Andrei and the sisters. Kulygin tells her it doesn't really matter, talking about how he prefers a simple life.Masha tells him justice is important to her and then tells him again to go away. He tal ks again about how much he loves Masha, repeating that he's content, and goes. Irina talks with increasing emotion about how Andrei has changed because of Natasha. His dreams have disappeared, and the whole town is laughing behind his back because of the affair with Protopopov. He just sits in his room and plays violin while the whole town is out fighting the fire. As Olga comes in, Irina begins to weep, saying she can't stand her life. She can't remember anything of her Italian, and she says that they'll never get to Moscow and that she hates her job.She's becoming unattractive and feels no satisfaction or happiness. She also talks about how she feels herself moving away from any kind of beautiful life and towards an abyss of unhappiness, saying she can't understand why she hasn't killed herself. Olga comforts her, suggesting that she marry Tusenbach and talking about h